The Russian Revolution: A View from the Third World by Walter Rodney

The Russian Revolution: A View from the Third World Reviews

• 
  Carlos Martinez

  Brilliant and nuanced analysis of the Russian Revolution (from the late 19th century up until the start of the Second World War) by the Guyanese radical intellectual Walter Rodney, best known for his essential study of European colonialism in Africa,
  How Europe Underdeveloped Africa.
  
  The book has been pieced together from lecture notes compiled while Rodney was working in Dar es Salaam. It wasn't meant for publication in book form (at least not without a lot more work, which was rudely interrupted by Walter Rodney's 1980 assassination at the hands of the Guyanese state). As such, it isn't a comprehensive study of all things Soviet, but rather a collection of notes and ideas, exploring some key concepts of Soviet historiography. Even so, given Rodney's extraordinary grasp of political science and his firmly third-worldist and pan-African standpoint, the insights offered by this book are hugely valuable.
  
  Robin Kelley makes an important point in the preface: whereas Rodney's close friend CLR James was more critical of the Soviet experience (and more open to the Trotskyist assessment of it), Walter Rodney's direct experiences of the problems of trying to build actually-existing socialism in Tanzania made him much more understanding of the flaws of Soviet socialism. He knew from first hand experience just how difficult it was to build something new and positive in the face of systematic destabilisation from the major capitalist powers.
• 
  T S

  Admittedly, this wasn't what I expected. The title prepared me to read something along the lines of Vijay Prashad's Red Star Over the Third World. However, the third world doesn't really come up here until the very end. The "view from the third world", in fact, refers to Rodney's intellectual grounding. He was a Pan-African revolutionary, and wrote this work in Tanzania while that society attempted to build socialism. This meant Rodney had an affinity and sympathy for the Soviet Experience which was, and is, quite rare in the West.
  
  This book is a collection of Rodney's lecture notes, as he undertook a broad survey of the historiography on the Russian Revolution. Written decades ago, some of the works he refers to are quite dated and some of his rebuttals can be questionable. However, a great deal of the book feels quite recent- the criticisms he tries to debunk will likely seem familiar to readers today. It is also engaging throughout, and deals with important aspects of Soviet history.
  
  I feel this book helped me clarify my own thinking in certain respects, and left me excited to look into further reading on topics I now have more questions about. As always, I was struck by the readability of Rodney's work- he had a gift for communication, one that I think many academics and intellectuals are sorely lacking.
• 
  alexis

  a MUSTTTTTTT read!!! idk why this text isn’t recommended more often but it’s a great analysis of the russian revolution and the establishment of the USSR. walter rodney is BRILLIANT, his language is extremely accessible, and i finished the whole text within a day. he tackles popular bourgeois accusations and narratives as well, proving the superiority of socialism in many respects. reading history is sometimes difficult but the way he writes makes it easy to digest and engage in what feels like a conversation. 10000/10
• 
  JRT

  The story of how this book came together posthumously is remarkable in itself and is a testament of the scope of the great Walter Rodney’s reach. Rodney, via the editing skills of Robin D.G. Kelley and Jesse Benjamin, tells the story of the Russian Revolution from the perspective of the colonized African / Third Wordlist (in contrast to the Bourgeoise perspective that dominates the literature). Rodney contends that a Third World / African interpretation of Russia’s revolutionary history was necessary in order to sift through the lies told about this period by Euro-American colonizers, and to better situate the Russian Revolution in a frame that decolonial Africa and Latin America could understand and relate to.
  
  In telling this story, Rodney meticulously analyzes and dismantles the Bourgeois view of the Revolution, which he claims is highly subjective, unable to acknowledge social contradictions, and generally demeaning of the movement and agency of the masses of people. Throughout the book Rodney pushes back against Bourgeois attempts to individualize certain aspects of the Revolution (both good and bad). He also pushes back against various distortions and half-truths about the Bolshevik Party, including that they were a manipulative minority that subverted Marxist thought and imposed a dictatorship on the backward / non-revolutionary peasant class of Russia (Rodney vehemently disputes these assertions). Rodney sets the stage by detailing the history of Russian serfdom and Tsarism, and compares and contrasts the competing factions and organizations leading up to the 1905 and 1917 Russian Revolutions, including the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. He also highlights the ideological disagreements between Lenin, Karl Kautsky, Rosa Luxemburg, and the many Bourgeois academics who have revised history.
  
  Admittedly, anybody from the West who reads this book will likely feel some internal contradictions with many of Rodney’s conclusions and assertions, especially given the constant negative propaganda about the Revolution that comes from Western Nations. However, Rodney does a good job noting the negative aspects and failures of the Revolution without giving credence to the false narratives that the imperialist countries have propagated. Rodney critiques the violence that took place during Stalin’s “forced collectivization” of agriculture, noting that revolutionary violence is only a means to expropriate power from the ruling class, not to impose socialism from above onto the masses. He also acknowledges the truth of the shortcomings (some of which were tragic and brutal) of Stalin and the Communist Party, while refraining from individualizing them. Critics might push back against Rodney’s attempts to explain Stalin and the Communist Party’s actions from the mid-1930s onward with regard to secret police, Gulags, executions, etc. Rodney contends that to a degree, the Soviet state needed to retain the repressive apparatus of the state due to the reactionary forces that proliferated the country (and who were supported and funded by Western capitalists). However, Rodney does indeed acknowledge that many mistakes occurred, and that contrary to Soviet propaganda, socialism was not yet achieved (despite great progress in that direction). Rodney further pushes back against the notion that socialism in general should be defined by the excesses and repression that existed in Soviet Russia, brilliantly demonstrating how those same tactics and outcomes are fundamental features of the capitalist social order.
  
  Ultimately, this book is Rodney’s passionate defense of socialist revolution and anti-capitalism. Rodney produced the rough draft of this work while living and teaching in revolutionary Tanzania, and references to the Tanzanian situation are littered throughout the book. This—along with the editors’ forwards—gives us some insight into what kind of application Rodney believed the Russian Revolution had in Africa and the Third World. Rodney’s insights on Russian imperialism pre-revolution, class solidarity among different factions of the dispossessed classes (peasants and the proletariat, in this case), and the failures and excesses of the Revolution are lessons for revolutionary nationalists of Rodney’s time, and today.
• 
  Karlo Mikhail

  This is a posthumously mashedup collection of Guyanese revolutionary scholar and martyr Walter Rodney's lecture notes on the Russian Revolution. A fascinating critique of Cold War anti-communist scholarship and accounting of the relevance of the Soviet experience for Third World revolutionaries, this is the first book I read by Walter Rodney. Mildy critical of the Soviets though not as sharp as the Maoists, the book features some studied defense of #Stalin and the Marxist-Leninist "Socialism in One Country" line and some savage takedowns of Trotsky's Eurocentrism and Rosa Luxemburg on the national question.
• 
  noah

  this was a super easy read, as well as a very sharp and principled history and analysis of the russian revolution. while not accepting every aspect of the soviet experience, rodney leaves us off by saying that, with the correct view, the soviet revolution and subsequent construction of socialism are very positive historical experiences that the colonized and formerly colonized, Black Africans, and workers and peasants or intellectuals with roots in said classes can take a great deal from in their own respective struggles to build socialism.
• 
  Sean Estelle

  This was my first exposure to Walter Rodney - I'm also very glad I read it directly after finishing Deutscher's Trotsky trilogy, as it provides an alternative perspective on Soviet state building. His language + theoretical concepts are super accessible, and it was a great conclusion to a set of books on the history of the Russian Revolution I've been reading since November 2017. Would not read this if you haven't read any other history though, as it rushes through some of the historical events.
• 
  Luke

  Walter Rodney really is a fascinating writer. In this book he has analysed the Russian revolution and the large range of scholarship around the issue.
  As a student I appreciate this book a lot as it has helped me critically analyse other's works and how to bring them together to understand the world better. I have added several books he has analysed here from other authors. It has also given me an interesting insight into the Cold War world, with the capitalist side, soviet side and unaligned third world.
  Although Walter Rodney clearly presents socialist revolution as the step forward for the colonised world, he is critical yet admiring of soviet communism as a great experiment in constructing socialism. He lays out the many successes and failures during and after the revolution and has made this book an amazing starting point in learning more about the USSR.
• 
  Matthew Sun

  extremely readable and rigorous in its analysis; comprehensive in its overview of the perspectives of western bourgeois, Soviet, and Marxist historiography w.r.t. to the Russian revolution. a lot of the points raised here helped me rethink some of my own fundamental assumptions about comparing capitalism to communism that I've inherited by growing up in the US. loved this and will likely revisit in the future as well!
• 
  Kevin

  A good corrective to false narratives about the the Russian Revolution that has me interested to read more from Rodney. I would suggest skipping the introduction tacked on by Verso that seems designed to inoculate the reader against actual socialism. I would also warn that the book does assume a little bit of knowledge on the part of the reader, which isn't necessarily a mark against it - it was originally intended to be a series of lectures, not an exhaustive history.
• 
  Merricat Blackwood

  I agree with Rodney’s criticism of bourgeois historians who primarily source their writing from the personal documents of aristocrats, but I also have a problem with how much of this book is sourced from books published by Soviet state presses. Maybe this makes me a bourgeois but there has to be a middle ground! I’m really not sure how to feel about this book because in some places Rodney is working with what seem to be widely agreed-upon facts and his analysis seems interesting and persuasive, but in other places he says things like the estimation of two million dead in the process of collectivizing agriculture is an exaggeration, which it is just not. (Also strangely in that section he puts a lot of emphasis on mob violence against landowners in the process of collectivization, but very little on famine, which was the far more significant cause of death. I guess it’s possible this is a product of the time period when he was writing; I really don’t know what the state of available scholarship on the 1930s famines was in 1970.) There is undeniably a lot of interesting analysis here about the “readiness” of Russia for revolution, the scale of mobilization of the working class, the way that class consciousness intersected with nationalism. The book is also just a very interesting historical document of a time when the Soviet Union was perceived throughout much of the world as a successful example of an alternative to capitalism, a time period that feels hard to imagine today. However, I can’t get around the feeling that what Rodney leaves out here--a serious treatment of the terror of the purges, almost anything about the secret police, any discussion of the 1930s famines other than a brief statement that capitalist neighbors like Romania and Bulgaria suffered famine at the same time--constitutes a very serious moral failure.
• 
  Sylvia

  Excellent look at the history of the Russian Revolution from Walter Rodney here. The numerous people who helped produce this book should be acknowledged, gathering Rodney's lecture notes on this topic whilst teaching at the University of Dar es Salaam into a published book is no easy feat.
  
  This felt very much like revising my knowledge on the Russian Revolution(s), however Rodney's added analysis and knowledge also brings about a nuanced socialist approach, a 'view from the third world,' that surprisingly holds up despite newer Soviet/Russian historiographies emerging since alongside the optimisms of the time of the potentials of socialism, seeming strange yet hopeful to us now.
  
  A lot of this book focuses on the different socio-historical approaches at the time on the Russian revolutions: Bourgeois, Marxist, Trotskyist and Soviet historians are all considered here. In regards to Tanzania itself at the time, Rodney doesn't make too many comparisons until the final two chapters. My only criticism is probably wanting more of Rodney's interpretations of this in relation to Tanzania (and elsewhere). Still, Rodney's writing/lecturing is enjoyable to read as well as having the rare skill as an academic/scholar-activist of presenting theories, histories and their various interpretations in an accessible, engaging manner.
  
  I really enjoyed this book. It's a must-read and a wonderful introduction to Walter Rodney.
• 
  Efrén Ayón

  Incluso en su estado como proyecto a medio terminar (Rodney fue asesinado cuando apenas estaba trabajando en este libro, recopilando clases y conferencias suyas), estamos ante una obra maestra. Lo recomiendo incluso aunque la revolución de octubre no te interese específicamente, es así de bueno. Desafía visiones hegemónicas occidentales fraguadas en plena guerra fría acerca los sucesos de 1917, claro, pero también da claridad a las condiciones previas y al desarrollo tortuoso posterior de la Unión Soviética, utilizando a la perfección un método de análisis materialista que te será útil para encontrar paralelos en cualquier otra historia que se te ocurra. El único problema que tengo con él es que ahora el resto de libros con inclinaciones burguesas me parecerán una pila pestilente de basura en comparación.
• 
  Don

  Walter Rodney’s most important contribution to Marxist thinking about emergence of global capitalism will forever be How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, also published by Verso as a companion to this volume. With the advantage of his own roots in Caribbean society he was able to understand the phenomenon of under-development as the outcome of the aggressive, profit-seeking regimes imposed on his home region, rather than the inherent backwardness of the its people.
  
  His analysis added to the sketches of the role that capitalist imperialism played in transferring resources, entrenching poverty in one place and pooling prosperity in others which had been provide by Marx, Engels and Lenin. Dealing with the concrete example of Africa, Rodney laid bare the processes through which exploitation worked to extract value from the labouring classes in colonial and post-colonial societies and facilitated its appearance in the developed nations, not just as profit, but also as higher wages and social welfare and security for their working class citizens.
  
  But in addition to what might be thought of as scholarly work primarily intended to develop a line of argument, Rodney was also an activist who looked for opportunities to work alongside to with others struggling for liberation, across the Caribbean region, the United States, and Africa.
  
  The Russian Revolution: A View from the Third World emerged from a series of lectures given by Rodney during the five years when he was resident in Tanzania and working at the University of Dar es Salaam between 1969 and 1974. At that time the newly independent country was trying to forge a version of socialism that was relevant to its circumstances with a predominantly rural population engaged in subsistence agriculture. The experiment with cooperative, ujamaa village structures was seen by Rodney as being analogous to the efforts made by the Soviet Union to solve the problem of the backwardness of its own rural sector during the 1920s and 30s. Working with students expected to play a role in sealing the success of the Tanzanian model, Rodney sought to provide them with a broader context rooted Marxism which would help the young country along its socialist path.
  
  Much of the content of the early lectures deals problems of histography. How does the researcher access ‘the truth’ about a particular historical event? How much is decided by the inevitable bias, forged by culture, class and prejudice which any individual will bring to the inquiry? Is there a reliable way to check the tendency towards subjectivity? Rodney’s confidence in dialectical materialism as a thoroughly scientific approach to the study of his history sets the scene for a scrutiny of the revolution which devolves on what is claimed to be the objective fact of struggle between social classes.
  
  For the basic material of what constitutes the ‘facts’ of the two revolutions of 1917 – March and October – Rodney draws on an extensive list which consists of the works of the officially approved Soviet historians whose work circulated outside the country after the 1930s, contrasted with a wide range of non-Soviet accounts, most of which are hostile to the claims made for the achievements of the Bolsheviks. In a chapter devoted to a discussion of Trotsky’s three volume history Rodney clearly finds the account he finds most congenial, explaining as it does how a contest between the classes in a country conventionally presented as backward could lay the basis for a socialist society based on the authority of the working class.
  
  All of this must have been encouraging for the cadre of future leaders of their country that Rodney was addressing back in the early 1970s. The bigger problem was how to account for the development of Soviet society in the decades after the enthusiasm for socialist change immediately after 1917. The view that the state built by the revolution had degenerated into an oppressive bureaucracy pursuing its own interests – essentially Trotsky’s interpretation from the mid-1930s onwards – is inimical to Rodney’s own wish to demonstrate the continued viability of the Soviet socialist road. Criticism of the disastrous effects of the collectivisation of agriculture, the extensive use of forced labour, as well as the sublimation of worker-led challenges to capitalism to the task of supporting the ‘socialist motherland’, is muted in the final lectures in the series.
  
  Despite these failings Rodney himself continued to pursue a revolutionary socialist line which led to his role in founding the Working People’s Alliance in his native Guyana months before his assassination in 1980. His death at the tragically early age of 38 concluded the activism of a formidable Third World intellectual who sought always to develop his work in the service of social movements struggling for liberation.
  
• 
  Kelbaenor (Dan)

  Rodney's observations and analysis on the historiography of the Russian Revolution provide a very valuable perspective from outside the Western or Soviet world. He was operating with incomplete information, but makes some very good points. However, the work likely would've been better had he had the time to flesh it out fully into a real text. And the editors have provided quite a bit of editorializing that was unwarrented and detracts from the work.
• 
  Adam

  Rodney is a very talented writer and scholar, as is evident in the way in which this book - which is focused on the historiography of the Russian revolution rather than a narrative of the events themselves - engages with and dismantles many of the intellectually vacuous authors and myths which have become (predictably, given the state of western academia and journalism) stuck forever orbiting the revolution and its key figures such as Lenin. Rodney does all of this in a way that remains witty and convincing throughout while still being emminently relevant to discussions today.
  
  A surprisingly helpful introduction to the Russian revolution, but chiefly a great introduction to decolonial Marxist thinking and the work of Walter Rodney.
• 
  Lentšik Tiiger Linin

  Poggers
• 
  Sugarpunksattack Mick

  Walter Rodney's 'The Russian Revolution: A View From the Third World" is an excellent addition to the study of the Russian revolution. The book itself constituted by unpublished lectures and corresponding notes that Rodeny had prepared and given while alive, but never turned into a proper book. The book then is the result of the editing work of Robin Kelly and Jesse Benjamin whose introduction are crucial not only to the text, but for the revolution itself.
  Rodney is most concerned with working through the historiography at the time (1960-70s) and illuminating the debates between marxists and bourgeois writers, or between Socialists and non-socalists. For the uninitiated reader in the revolution discourse, this is the perfect book though obviously a little dated. Rodney is a bit too sympathetic to the Soviet Union to the point of making glaring omissions and errors. That said, given the state of historiography at the time and even to this day the book acts as an antidote to much disinformation couched in anti-communism.
  
  My biggest criticism of the book is that it does not really offer a third (world) view in any robust way. In stead it is just a hashing out of all the ongoing debates around the historiography. I was looking for a decolonial perspective (perhaps in the vein of Fanon), but it never really arrives in any robust manner.
• 
  Reuben Woolley

  Rodney’s lectures themselves are mired in 20th-century didacticism around the USSR, and have to be read in the context of a concerted and direct effort to organise political uprising in his own surroundings and challenge preconceptions among both a liberal western audience and Tanzanian (and other African) student activists. He was also writing with access to considerably less evidence than the modern Russian historian has, and it shows. Even with this in mind, there are parts of what he says that are at times considerably more nuanced and intelligent than expected, and at times less than what I was hoping for. That said, the verso edition is possibly the best piece of editing, footnoting and supporting text I’ve ever read with anything, and does an incredible piece of academic and historical work in situating Rodney’s arguments in the contexts they were formed in, critiquing him where he required critiquing and providing updates on the political and historical debates he references right up to the 2010s. The lectures on their own wouldn’t be a very useful read for a modern leftist without specific interest in the history of the russian revolution, but the book as a whole definitely is.
• 
  authorial

  Even though it is unfinished, Rodney's work on the Russian Revolution and the subsequent formation of the Soviet Union is so damn refreshing. I appreciate his principled positions. Third Worldism and Pan-Africanism have unique (and in my experience, the most interesting) views to offer on the Cold War and it shines a whole new light on the importance of revolutions and state socialism for these newly independent former colonial states.
  
  When reflecting on this book, this is what I think about the most: Rodney wrote this in the 70s, at the pinnacle of socialist victories, so he has a triumphalist tone in his writings. I wonder how he would write about the same subject now, in 2020, when capitalism is an unchallenged globalized system that dominates every place on earth and every aspect of our social lives.
  
  P.S.: the editors' need to be definitively anti-Stalinist was noticeable and quite comical because it so clearly exposes the paradigms of dominant ideology. Rodney was cool and has stood the test of time precisely because he did not succumb to that.
• 
  Matthew John

  The story behind this volume being compiled is almost more interesting than the content itself. Rodney was assassinated around 1980 (likely by elements of the Guyanese government) and some of his close colleagues later spent years going through his lecture notes and other writings to eventually "finish" this book for him. Rodney's overall perspective could be described as pan-African, Marxist, and anti-colonialist (his more famous work concerns European colonialism in Africa). I'd say Rodney was a Marxist-Leninist (not sure if he specifically identified this way), which is the same as my personal political tendency, so I generally agree with his analysis of the the underlying proletarian nature of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent socialist project of the USSR. And, despite the lack of academic and archival information available to him at the time, there are lots of profound insights. I highly recommend it.
• 
  Faaiz

  A book, constructed from lecture notes, published posthumously 38 years after the assassination of its author, the scholar-activist Walter Rodney of Guyana. In it, he surveys the Russian Revolution through a comparison of the historiographies advanced by the "bourgeois"/Western historians as well as the Soviet and other Marxists historians (strictly, not just historians but also economists, sociologists, and other related inter/multi-disciplinarian social scientists). The focus of the book is the Russian Revolution of 1917, the historical conditions preceding it, the events that unfolded, and the aftermath of it. Contextualizing this book is very important: these were essentially lecture notes for a course he was teaching in a university in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania in the 70's about the Russian Revolution with a particular outlook towards what it meant for them, as citizens of Third World, non-aligned, post-colonial African nation(s). They may or may not have been published as a book had Rodney not been murdered.
  
  The book surveys side by side what the "bourgeois" historians have to say about various aspects of the revolution and how the Marxist/Soviet historians rebut their arguments and claims. Rodney is good in that he does not only rely on the official soviet accounts, but also draws out the contradictions among the various "bourgeois" authors themselves to highlight inconsistencies. He also attempts to take a critical look at the Soviet accounts as well as other Marxist accounts - both contradicting and agreeing with the Soviet accounts - engaging with them. What this conveys is a scholarly effort to engage critically with multiple highly politically charged publications and viewpoints at the backdrop of an intense Cold War - not an easy feat. Rodney is also helpful in framing and contextualizing the motivating factors behind the "bourgeois" historians attacks on socialism and communism and in that regard, he sets out to arm the young scholar of Marxism with the tools to keep an eye out for a range of tendencies that are just as pertinent today as they were at the height of the Cold War. Some examples are below:

  bourgeois scholarship always pretends to hold a monopoly of truth and reason; and most bourgeois writers fall over themselves to stress that they approach issues open-mindedly and dispassionately. According to that line of argument, the Marxist has prejudged issues, has a closed mind and is partisan. It would therefore be unwise for the bourgeois scholar to expose his own set of assumptions—thereby revealing that he and the Marxist are following the same pattern of arguing from established premises, but that the premises are different and the very methodology of analysis is different. Such an exposure and revelation would force one to reconsider the relative premises and methodologies; and it is clear that the bourgeois scholar is afraid of just that.
  
  It should be noted that within revolutionary historiography, the conservative historians always expose themselves by their contemptuous attitude to the common people.
  
  Another bourgeois approach that can be quite effective is the subjectivist one, which does not start by examining reality as it exists but rather puts forward for the reader a set of evocative images that come from his own mind—words such as “dictatorship,” “terror,” and even “communist” are used to convey the required impressions.

  As the editors remind the reader, that Rodney did not have access to the Soviet archives post Soviet collapse, some of his views and arguments may not exactly stand the test of time, additional evidence and data. Rodney fumbles a bit in the last chapter where he sets out to critique Stalinism and is even chided by the editors a couple of times. Yet, at the end of the day for Rodney what matters is that despite the excesses of Stalinism, the socialist experiment and all its achievements were still an unimpeachable force of good that blasted off the Russian nation out of backwardness, servility towards Western imperial interests, and imperialist and colonialist impositions of its own, among others.
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  Jim

  Walter Rodney was a consummate intellectual and an incredible grassroots activist. Though this is compiled from his essays and is in no way to be considered what he would have published as a finished piece of scholarship, I was still left in awe of what he had already managed to get to paper. Oh to have Rodney instead of Cornel West (who seems to have turned into a self-congratulatory celebrity these days...) as a spokesperson and academic representing Africans, Black Americans, Marxists, and true revolutionaries. This is a brilliant examination and explanation of Marxism, dialectical materialism, and the Russian Revolutions, not bogged down with philosophical meanderings and theorizing. I kept waiting for the African-centered analysis, then remembered he was never able to finish these aspects of his work. Plenty of Notes at the end to continue reading, and a litany of ideas and statements that are just as relevant today as they were when they were written. Not for the US Nationalists, capitalists, or neo-liberals, as there are facts and ideas here that would make them reconsider their current loyalties. At the very least, this will make one think again about the accepted beliefs about Marxism, the Russian Revolution, and the realities of communism, socialism, and democracy as they have been presented by other thinkers and theorists.
• 
  Albert Zhou

  Brilliant overview of the Russian Revolution, drawn from a variety of sources, including both Marxist and non-Marxist. This text, published posthumously, was taken from Rodney's lecture notes on a course on the Russian Revolution. He addresses points from bourgeois scholarship on the Russian revolution tradition in the 18th and 19th centuries, goes through the Bolshevik explanation of how workers, after being educated by the Bolsheviks, autonomously rose up against the Tsarist regime (without need for direct orders from the exiled Bolsheivk leadership), addresses points of contention during the formation of the Soviet Union, such as the question of self-determination for states like Finland, Ukraine, Georgia etc. as well as criticisms by Trotsky about Stalin's domination of the Comintern and controlling overseas revolutionary movements, as well as the issue of Russian chauvinism.