| Title | : | Bureaucracy |
| Author | : | |
| Rating | : | |
| ISBN | : | 091088434X |
| ISBN-10 | : | 9780910884341 |
| Language | : | English |
| Format Type | : | Paperback |
| Number of Pages | : | 137 |
| Publication | : | First published January 1, 1944 |
Bureaucracy Reviews
-
2020-08-28 - Just finished listening to the audio version (available at
www.Mises.org) of this short but hard hitting book. Wonderful. Much better than I had remembered. Highly recommended.
Still as relevant and on-point as ever, even though it was written in 1944. However, since the US has moved to a vastly larger government sector than in the 1940s, I doubt Mises would have stated the situation in the US now (2020s) in nearly the positive and optimistic terms that he did then. The bureaucratic state and mindset has captured huge swaths of control over the US economy since 1944, even though the US was deep in WWII at the time and then eliminated much of the bureaucracy after the war. Just think of **some** of the new government agencies with power over individuals and enterprise established since then: Medicare, Medicaid, HUD, EPA, Dept. of Education, Energy Dept., HHS, EPA, CPSC, OSHA, FDA (AMENDED), Federal Elections Commission, Civil Rights Commission, etc. etc. they go on almost forever.
This book is a great little intro to Mises and to the idea that free societies need minimal bureaucracies to deal with the basic functions of government: police, military, courts and very little else. And when government bureaucracies grow to control more of the economy, freedom is lost, in addition to the private enterprise efficiencies, creativity, productivity, etc. also lost.
I really liked this audio book. The narrator (unaccredited, unfortunately) was excellent and the book only took about 4 hours to listen to. I noticed only a few strange pronunciations (of German words) in the whole book. Excellent. Only problem with the audio book (any audio book) is that I am not able to take notes while driving and listening, so I have a tough time going back to find the parts I would love to highlight in a review like this. Bummer. Guess I need to reread or at least skim the book again to grab those parts to post here and other places, since they are so pertinent to events of today.
13 May 2019 - Writing this after reading a friend's great review (Pedro Jorge). I first read this book about 1977, the year I graduated from college. I liked it very much, but thought it was not as good as another great intro book of Mises', a collection of his essays/speeches - "Planning for Freedom." I have read it at least twice since then and have kept the same opinion.
However, Pedro's recent short review makes me want to read it again, which I will try to do soon.
Here are my thoughts from today that I posted under my friend's review:
"Need to read it again. But I love the simple proposition by Mises in this book that there is a world of difference between for-profit businesses and the government. The former is ruled by the voluntary actions of humans (consumers, via profit and loss for companies) and the latter is ruled by laws, regulations, infrequent elections and coercion. No matter how large a corporation gets, it is ruled by the former, as long as it does not have special privileges from government (which is increasingly and maddeningly true). And no matter how folks might wish otherwise, the government will NEVER be efficient at serving the real desires and needs, as witnessed by consumers' revealed preferences, of buying and abstaining from buying by all humans." -
One-stop shopping for a lot of Mises' idiotic arguments that are most popular with right-libertarians.
Corporate bureaucracy isn't "really" a bureaucracy because it's subordinated to the profit motive, and the "entrepreneur" is able to easily isolate each division of a firm and verify whether it is operating properly -- i.e., profitable -- through the miracle of double-entry bookkeeping. Never mind that the standard accounting methods are not neutral or immaculate, and that they maximize some privileged metrics at the expense of others. E.g., the accounting principles developed by Donaldson Brown at DuPont and GM treat wage labor as the only direct cost, while treating overhead, capital expenditures and administrative costs (through "overhead absorption," or the incorporation of overhead costs into the transfer price of goods "sold" to inventory) as the creation of value. As a result, management zealously shaves off every possible minute from wage labor -- even at the expense of eviscerating human capital and drastically degrading productivity -- while pouring enormous sums down a rathole on wasteful capital expenditures, and paying the boys in the C-suite bigger bonuses than the amount "saved" on downsizing.
Never mind that comparing one's own profit to the industry average is meaningless when the senior management cross-industry all share the same institutional culture, went to the same b-schools, are constantly shuffled back and forth between each other's c-suites and boards, and follow each other's "best practices."
And consumer sovereignty somehow turns capitalist corporations into "servants" of the average person. Never mind that "dollar democracy" weights voting rights according to wealth, and -- despite what neoclassical and Austrian economics says -- the distribution of income is NOT the reslt of some objective or neutral "marginal productivity." And when an industry has an oligopoly structure, the tendency is for firms' product offerings to be similar and poorly responsive, and for prices to be administered. Right-libertarian polemicists love to drag out the Edsel or New Coke, but far more typical is the Big Three Detroit automakers' agreement to delay introducing new technical features until all three were ready to retool. -
The Triumph of the Administrative Will
This work deals with the situation caused by overorganization of the economy, in particular private business, by public/federal/governmental administration.
To my surprise, the book tackles central questions raised in
this fascinating book about the French Revolution and the ensuing 19th century: how to articulate the part played by the State (this powerful centralized state inherited from the absolute monarchy) and the part played by the citizens so as to avoid a new Terror? That is, how do you create conditions allowing all members of the population to seek their own interest without them excluding, or killing one another? It also addresses fundamental issues linked with equalitarian utopias (see Jacobins, Saint-Simon or Auguste Comte), or the dead end of imposing idle and hereditary privileged classes on the population (i.e. Old Regime nobility).
In the end, these questions prove to be much more contemporary and critical than it seems at first glance, in times when lobbies, partisans, activists, and the worldwide extension of trade challenge the very definition and frame of the nation, the country and the State, preferring loose communities bound by perceived common interests, more or less superseding nations, countries and States.
Some major quotes illustrating LvM's thought:
'Should authoritarian totalitarianism be substituted for individualism and democracy? Should the citizen be transformed into a subject, a subordinate in an all-embracing army of conscripted labor, bound to obey unconditionally the orders of his superiors? Should he be deprived of his most precious privilege to choose means and ends and to shape his own life?'
'Every dictator plans to rear, raise, feed, and train his fellowmen as the breeder does his cattle. [...] The cattle breeder also is a benevolent despot.
The question is: Who should be the master? Should man be free to choose his own road toward what he thinks will make him happy? [...]'
'The real bosses, in the capitalist system of market economy, are the consumers. They, by their buying and by their abstention from buying, decide who should own the capital and run the plants. They determine what should be produced and in what quantity and quality. Their attitudes result either in profit or in loss for the enterpriser.
They make poor men rich and rich men poor. They are no easy bosses. They are full of whims and fancies, changeable and unpredictable. They do not care a whit for past merit. As soon as something is offered to them that they like better or that is cheaper, they desert their old purveyors. With them nothing counts more than their own satisfaction. They bother neither about the vested interests of capitalists nor about the fate of the workers who lose their jobs if as consumers they no longer buy what they used to buy.'
'The ultimate basis of economic calculation is the valuation of all consumers’ goods on the part of all the people. It is true that these consumers are fallible and that their judgment is sometimes misguided. We may assume that they would appraise the various commodities differently if they were better instructed. However, as human nature is, we have no means of substituting the wisdom of an infallible authority for people’s shallowness.'
'We do not assert that the market prices are to be considered as expressive of any perennial and absolute value. There are no such things as absolute values, independent of the subjective preferences of erring men. Judgments of value are the outcome of human arbitrariness. They reflect all the shortcomings and weaknesses of their authors. However, the only alternative to the determination of market prices by the choices of all consumers is the determination of values by the judgment of some small groups of men, no less liable to error and frustration than the majority, notwithstanding the fact that they are called “authority.” No matter how the values of consumers’ goods are determined, whether they are fixed by a dictatorial decision or by the choices of all consumers—the whole people—values are always relative, subjective, and human, never absolute, objective, and divine.'
[...]
'Capitalism means free enterprise, sovereignty of the consumers in economic matters, and sovereignty of the voters in political matters. Socialism means full government control of every sphere of the individual’s life and the unrestricted supremacy of the government in its capacity as central board of production management. There is no compromise possible between these two systems.'
-----
Cf.
the interrogations listed in my review of Interventionism: An Economic Analysis and Patrick's helpful answers to them
-----
Link to the text:
https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/gre...
Link to the audiobook:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dgSvK...
Also see:
Another seminal work by Ludwig von Mises:
Interventionism: An Economic Analysis
A groundbreaking, fundamental essay on American institutions and the characteristics of modern democracy, by Alexis de Tocqueville, quoted by LvM:
De la Démocratie en Amérique, tome I
De la Démocratie en Amérique, tome II
The world-famous pamphlet by Thomas Paine:
Common Sense
The Gettysburg Address
-----
On the history of State monopoly:
Le goût de l'Inde
Musée de la Compagnie des Indes, Musée d'art et d'histoire de la ville de Lorient
-----
On the history and posterity of French Revolution and administrative centralisation:
Democracy in America (Tocqueville, again!)
Reflections on the Revolution in France
La Révolution française déclare la guerre à l'Europe : L'embrasement de l'Europe à la fin du XVIIIe siècle
Nouvelle histoire des guerres de Vendée
Bonaparte: 1769-1802
La France du XIXe siècle. 1814-1914
-----
On the history of the USSR:
L'URSS. De la révolution à la mort de Staline (1917-1953)
Histoire de la Russie et de son empire
Leningrad: State of Siege
Carnets de guerre : De Moscou à Berlin 1941-1945
-----
On Nazism & the advent of Totalitarianism:
Berlin Alexanderplatz
Goodbye To Berlin
Nos ancêtres les Germains : les archéologues au service du nazisme
The Man in the High Castle
HHhH
Les Bienveillantes
Rhinocéros
La Peste
Matin Brun
-----
As a tragicomic illustration of work in a bureaucratic environment:
Post Office
Sound-Rack :)
Sonatine Bureaucratique - Erik Satie -
This is just great. A masterpiece for mass consumption. Mises's address to all his fellow men.
Despite having been published some 70 years ago, it will probably remain relevant for many years to come (unfortunately).
It does not delve into the mechanics of inflation and the business cycle that could turn some people off. It just explains how the market process works, how the bureaucratic process works and what are the implications of neglecting a causal relationship between the economic organization of a society and its general opinion about freedom, hope and true social cooperation.
I couldn't recommend this highly enough! -
"The profit motive is the means of making the public supreme"
-
This book is jam packed with great insights on the inherent failure of bureaucracy. Basically, since money is taken by coercion from the taxa payers, there is no sense of knowing whether the goods and services provided for by the state are in any way efficient or not. Furthermore, with the absence of the profit motive, the bureaucrat reverts to rigid rules and regulations to guide his/her management. Bureaucracy has no way to award good management and punish bad management, since there is no market that can bankrupt a company, or reward a company by profits. The bureaucratization has effects on all segments of society, as it forces it's rules on the citizens. The free enterprise system is gutted out by regulations that creates bureaucracy withing the capitalist system, rendering it inefficient and costly. In a bureaucratic system it is not merit and good managerial skill that makes someone successful but rather politics and kissing other people's ass in order to attain higher positions. This results in the impoverishment of the population in an economic sense but also in a cultural sense. The youth, instead of being creative and creating new business ventures, are conditioned to seek out government jobs that do not require any creativity, but rather obedience to the bureaucratic law. Criticism is not tolerated, and consent is demanded.
This is the state of affairs present now, and this is why Mises is such a smart thinker, considering this book has been written 70 years ago, but still terrifyingly relevant. -
Bureaucracy is one of the best books I've read all year. It's a detailed analysis of the phenomenon that is bureaucracy. Whereas in general, we feel that it is a byproduct of trying to solve the problems of the age, this is really indicative of something much worse (and more profane); i.e., the attempt to systematically engineer society so that it is poured into the mould the intellectuals agree upon.
And I don't mean to weasel my way into a conspiracy theory, as I have seen this exact issue happen in Kuwait, my home-country. In issuing a new policy on banning and outlawing and regulating (because regulations are always welcome and protective in the mind of the populace), "what is seen and heard" [sic], the policy mandated that all books, tv programs, radio programs, or anything that can be seen or heard that is considered profane, or against the norms, or is in opposition to the prince of Kuwait, or derides the followers of the prophet or God or the prophet himself (often bundled, one representing the other), there will be legislature following up on the procedure to looking up, finding, and prosecuting or penalizing the offenders. And lo and behold, more than 8,000 books were banned in Kuwait, whereas in our sister state the United Arab Emirates (and Dubai in particular), they have Kinokuniya with over 8,000 books most of which might be easily banned here. This is the life of the laws, and this is the doings of bureaucracy. And the intellectuals who oppose these law only oppose them insofar as they do not reach the conclusions the intellectuals themselves want enacted.
It's not about creating good on earth. It's about satisfying the whims of the intellegentsia. -
The Bureaucracy analyzes and compares the structural organization in the functionality of private enterprise to bureaucratic agencies and public enterprise. The main objective of business administration is to make profit in the most efficient manner in serving the demands of the consumer. On the other hand, the main objective of public administration cannot be simply measured in terms of monetary value, so the marketplace has no ability to set any prices and achievement. It is impossible to know how well public administration is performed because the market cannot provide the information.
Ludwig von Mises stresses the importance of some bureaucratic structure, yet the failure of bureaucracy is not deficient policy nor corruption, but it is compliance with rigid hierarchical structure implemented by strict instruction, which does prevent arbitrary decision making.
Bureaucratic structure curtails competition and innovation where customary and antiquated methods become prescribed as the norm, and no new ideas are considered thereby no progress or reform becomes anew. Consequently, bureaucratic management has invaded business management where government interference with business is distorting the evolution of free enterprise. The burgeoning dependence on the discretion of government bureaucracy either ruins or favors particular industries, so business becomes less efficient and more corrupt in gaining the advantage in the market.
The most profound implication of bureaucratization is the bureaucrat as the voter. As government promulgates expansive powers of bureaucratic structures, the bureaucrat benefits greatly from public funds more than from individual contribution; therefore, the bureaucrat's greatest concern is not balanced budgets but ever expanding budgets because the means of increased income is only obtained by the expropriation of property from taxation.
Overall, Ludwig von Mises provides brilliant insight into the necessary but destructive apparatus of bureaucracy. Mises’ biggest concern was the prevention of the continued spread of socialism, and The Bureaucracy shows how complete social organization of bureaucratic structures stagnates society and individual initiative. The Bureaucracy definitely is still a must read for any advocate of Austrian School of Economics and free enterprise. -
3.5 out of 5, but I decided to be nice and round up to 4/5.
Firstly, I will say that it was a good treatment on bureaucracy and, more specifically, planned economy vs free markets. Mises is a good writer and makes persuasive arguments. However, that doesn't necessarily mean that his arguments are extremely in-depth. Given that this book is so short, I'm willing to let his brevity on some issues slide, but I will need to read more of his work in the future to understand his views on fascism and socialism.
Now my complaints. Mises equates "capitalism" with "free markets" and "socialism" with "command economy". That's fine if you want to define the words that way, but he instantly loses credibility with any modern left-leaning readers because these don't represent the modern usages of those terms. While this was probably accepted parlance when this book was written, I would have enjoyed it more if he had commented on systems such as market socialism. Though it was probably not intentional, parts of this book contain a straw man- that all "socialist" systems are a command economy. I suppose this really depends on your definitions, but I digress...
And, as always, this Austrian Econ book is slightly homophobic and more than slightly amerocentric. However, it gets a pass because it was written in the 1940s.
Overall, this book gave a fairly good overview of why the profit motive is a better organizing principle than bureaucracy, but I can't help but feel that Hayek's "Road to Serfdom" did it much better. -
Mises nesse trabalho mostra como a burocracia, naquela época criticada pelos capitalistas e socialistas, é um mal existente no socialismo.
Diz que "Não se pode treinar gênios criativos. O gênio é quem desafia todas as escolas e regras, quem se aparta dos caminhos tradicionais e vai abrindo novas estradas em locais antes inacessíveis e inóspitos. É sempre um professor, nunca um aluno; é sempre alguém que se faz sozinho. Não deve nada a quem está no poder". Mas que as intervenções estatais, por outro lado, podem matar esse gênio.
Mises gosta muito da democracia, assim como em outros livros, não enxergando as diversas armadilhas que se coloca na falsa dicotomia democracia/totalitarismo.
Define a burocracia como o meio oposto à gestão com busca ao lucro, sendo, para Mises, necessária para a administração pública.
Enfatiza diversas vezes que no livre mercado não há a opção do capitalista de fazer algo que ele queira, ele é escravo das vontades dos consumidores.
Diz que Marx nunca explicou o que seria uma classe social, e mostra que só há perspectivas de melhora de padrão de vida no livre mercado, enquanto que no burocratismo não há mudanças, só a manutenção do status quo.
Finaliza dizendo que não se pode transformar o aparato produtivo do livre mercado em uma burocracia gigantesca, como queria Lenin. É uma crítica mediana ao burocratismo, ainda que Mises admita não ser por si só um problema, já que deve ser plenamente utilizada na administração pública, para que não se desvie da manutenção da democracia.
Tempo estimado de leitura: 3h -
This is a good short book on some of the problems with our bureaucratic system. TLDR: it's socialistic
-
Mises lacks the insight and arguments of Public Choice Theory to analyze bureaucracy so he can’t well demonstrate why bureaucracy will always be inefficient per se.
The book is redundant and deals a great part on socialism rather than on bureaucracy. -
Highly recommended. For those that don't have the patience to read through Human Action, Bureaucracy is a great way to cut your teeth on sound economic reasoning as it pertains to the pursuit of big government policy. Human Action is still a must read, but I would recommend Bureaucracy to anyone, even those that don't have an interest in economics. Well reasoned, well written - an absolute classic.
-
I found it a bit basic. It regurgitates Mises main arguments in a concise form, it critiques socialists who are obsessed with planned economies.
All in all, I found the arguments a bit familiar, nevertheless, it is well written a fun to read, as well as being quite short. -
A personal aside, coming from an undergrad and grad education where Marx was served for breakfast lunch and dinner, the Austrian school was always presented as a kind of Mordor, and Mises its greatest Sauron. Now, going back and reading libertarian economists like Hayek and Mises years later, I feel cheated of having had them and Marx and conversation, as it were, with the opportunity of weighing critiques seriously.
This short volume serves as both exegesis but also, especially in the last chapters, increasingly, as an exhortation. It is both analytical and political, in that sense could be paired with the Communist Manifesto for the purposes of having a rabid capitalist versus and rabid socialist view juxtaposed.
The central focus of the book is on the organization of work and workers under bureaucratic systems versus profit-oriented systems. Mises at no point declares that all areas of life should be subsumed by the profit-oriented system. He argues, in fact, that certain functions of the state MUST be managed bureaucratically (such as policing, writing laws, collecting taxes). The difference between the two modes of organizing labor boil down to the lack of having an economic measure to evaluate outcomes. In the case of bureaucratic management, it is "good" that there is a lack of economic measure to evaluate, say, public safety, because how would we measure that in terms of profits and losses--it is beyond that evaluator mechanism. Bureaucracy thus implements other ways of 'evaluating' itself, ultimately, in lots of box-checking, following massive amounts of rules as rigidly as possible, and being deferential to the pecking order, which often means the gerontocracy, and rejecting innovation. By contrast, the profit-motive system measures itself simply by...well, profit. How well it is meeting the demands of the public for a product, how well is it competing to provide the cheapest but "best" product. Innovation is king, the risk-takers are rewarded if they are able to build a better mouse trap, and it is 'democratic' in that it allows the public ultimately to move the market.
For Mises, freedom becomes restricted and society begins to become locked into the prison of bureaucracy when it expands beyond the necessities of preservation of life and property, when the state's incursion on systems of profit-seeking become expansive. Democracy itself begins to suffer when, like a feudal system, bureaucracy decides what product or service or initiative will be offered, and what price. He, like Hayek, sees socialist-leaning bureaucracy as the short road to totalitarianism, the authoritarianism of bureaucrats and their rules, conceding all areas of life to government control. He takes some shots at bureaucrats, similar to Hoffer in "The True Believer," as being people lacking creativity and innovation who can't hold their own in a competitive market and so need to preserve their fiefdoms to make it through life.
"In social life, rigidity amounts to petrification and death," he writes.
The last chapters are increasingly passionate pleas for democracy and against totalitarian thinking, for the citizenry to take their participation in that process seriously by understanding economics.
This book would have benefitted from more applied analysis, as he keeps everything at a 10,000 foot view--where does education fit into this? Health care? How MUCH policing? Are there not economic ways of measuring efficiency in even functions necessarily adopted to state governance?
Overall highly recommended for those seeking a counterpoint to Marx. -
Great passages are included in this book some of which I chose to quote below.
"All specialists, whether businessmen or professional
people, are fully aware of their dependence on the
consumers’ directives. Daily experience teaches them that,
under capitalism, their main task is to serve the consumers.
Those specialists who lack an understanding of the
fundamental social problems resent very deeply this
“servitude” and want to be freed. The revolt of narrow-minded experts is one of the powerful forces pushing toward
general bureaucratization."
"Every half-wit can use a whip and force other people to
obey. But it requires brains and diligence to serve the public.
Only a few people succeed in producing shoes better and
cheaper than their competitors. The inefficient expert will
always aim at bureaucratic supremacy. He is fully aware of
the fact that he cannot succeed within a competitive
system. For him all-round bureaucratization is a refuge.
Equipped with the power of an office he will enforce his
rulings with the aid of the police."
"At the bottom of all this fanatical advocacy of planning
and socialism there is often nothing else than the intimate
consciousness of one’s own inferiority and inefficiency. The
man who is aware of his inability to stand competition
scorns “this mad competitive system.” He who is unfit to
serve his fellow citizens wants to rule them."
"German Marxians coined the dictum: If socialism is
against human nature, then human nature must be
changed. They did not realize that if man’s nature is
changed, he ceases to be a man. In an all-round
bureaucratic system neither the bureaucrats nor their
subjects would any longer be real human beings." -
A handy little book that definitely changed my thinking on the topic a little. Mises rightly points out that it is extremely difficult to run government like a business and yet we are prone to making dubious comparisons between the efficiency of various sectors of the private market and certain government functions. While we may agree that comparing a private postal service to a government postal service is apt, we could not compare a private postal service to the function of the legislature.
I like his point that bureaucracy is almost always worse than it should be, but some level of bureaucracy is unavoidable when it comes to government functions. He takes great pains to note, however, that the expansion of bureaucracy into areas better served by the private market is among the most serious and important political and economic issues of our time.
Definitely an easy and insightful read: 4.75/5. -
Bureaucracy is an introduction, in many ways, to his book ''Socialism'' and ''Omnipotent Government''. Short and clear, it is an appetizer to many of von Mises works. A few interesting points are made, for example, that, since a bureaucrat basically work in a public good context, and that there is no economic value to the processes generated by the bureaucracy itself, the bureaucrat will act in order to follow the rules, for the sakes of the legitimacy of the bureaucracy, which finds its power in the rules and laws themselves, provided by the sovereign, the state. The rigidity of the structure creates a strict contour around what is acceptable and what is not, often arbitrarily, which limits youth and innovative ideas, and idea which Mancur Olsen would probably agree with. The text would have been better if the history of the bureaucracy in Prussia would have been expanded upon, but I guess we can't have all of the good things.
-
The book is an attempt to highlight the dangers posed by bureaucratization of Economy (which he identifies a tool and first step towards a Totalitarian One Party Command Economy like Nazi Germany or Soviet Russia, which he defines as socialism) and the benefits of profit minded enterprise in a democratic capitalist economy. Von Mises' ideas may appear a bit too extreme at the start but as he goes on to define his terms and expand upon them, they start to make more sense. He argues that corruption, ill thought policies etc are not the only problem of bureaucratization, instead the very idea is fundamentally flawed.
-
for contemporary society, this book is relevant as hell. People are trying to get everything while doing nothing and do so with government, they think, that government has an unlimited money and cruel capitalists are plundering mere workers. They give a credit to enormous monster, which is bureaucracy and think, that it will solve every problem which they face. What a laziness of people. We must know, that technological advance, which brings welfare to the people, is only possible in capitalist, competitive system.
-
Von Mises writes on bureaucracy and its history wherever it appears and how the larger it is the more stifling it is to economic growth and change with its slow moving grating wheels.
These organisations mainly government offshoots brimming with disincentivized officials with little ambition other than to keep things the way they are, collect their pay, keep their leaders happy by doing as their told and lauding them and then walking away to a lucrative retirement.
Bureaucracy the mainstay of socialism where little gets done and change is an anathema.
All according to Von Mises. -
Ein Buch, das man sich sparen kann.
Auf 120 Seiten skizziert Mises die Unterschiede der Bürokratie und der Privatwirtschaft. Das Buch ist im Endeffekt eine Zusammenfassung und Erweiterung der Argumente, die bereits in "Liberalismus" besprochen wurden.
Kurz: Die Bürokratie kann nicht auf die privatwirtschaftliche Buchhaltung zurückgreifen und agiert dadurch nicht kosteneffizient. Da kein Profitmotiv besteht, verstärkt sich dieser Effekt noch zusätzlich. Sprich: "Geld fließt sowieso".
Durchaus richtig, aber das geht auch auf weniger als 120 Seiten. -
If you want to understand the economic theory behind the fundamental difference between a government funded and government ran enterprise on the one hand, and a voluntarily funded private enterprise on the other, read Bureaucracy. It is basically a short summary of many of the key arguments of Human Action but it is far less demanding than that treatise.
-
"Bureaucratic system is to adjust/deal the captilistic order to a socialist one until the the need of bureaucracy itself would be removed and the common man would be paramount. Such is the Utopia."
Gives a gist about the overall characters of the book. Well written because the language is seemingly easily for an average asian to go through and get ideas out of it.
