| Title | : | Man After Man: An Anthropology of the Future |
| Author | : | |
| Rating | : | |
| ISBN | : | 0312035608 |
| ISBN-10 | : | 9780312035600 |
| Language | : | English |
| Format Type | : | Hardcover |
| Number of Pages | : | 128 |
| Publication | : | First published January 1, 1990 |
Man After Man: An Anthropology of the Future Reviews
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Compared with the other titles by Dixon, this is a major misstep. The premise and many of the ideas presented are intriguing, but I severely dislike the ridiculously unrealistic timeframe that the evolution of Dixon's future human species is set in. I mean, come on ! Even if we accept that many of the starting stock species were genetically engineered and have some latent special capabilities "built in", the time it takes them to evolve into a completely new form is laughably short - just a few hundreds or few thousands of years (like, only 2000 !). Even us, the currently last human species, have had a vaguely unchanged form for 40 000 years (and yet we are still evolving, even though it's visible only in small details over the many millenia and not some kind of Hollywood Turbo Evolution (tm) as in this book) ! Furthemore, while the posthuman stuff in the early chapters of the book is pretty much fully believable, many of the latter species that crop up in the book are borderline cartoonish or act nothing like an extinct or existing natural species would... Doug seems to understand evolution pretty well, but I just get the feeling he can't resist the urge to make "clap your hand if you believe, because this is cool shit" assumptions, that needlessly bring the book's atmosphere into the realm of uneducated pulp sci-fi. And this isn't the first time he's done the same mistake : Even his true classics, After Man and The New Dinosaurs, are often burdened by needlessly out-there species - for instance, the "parashrew" of After Man shook my suspension of disbelief, which until then had no problems with the fictional future animals presented. The concept of the parashrew was laughably stupid and that particular creature seemed less like the work of Dixon and more like something out of the fantasies of a five year old. That's basically, what most of the future human species in Man After Man are - very promising speculative ideas overburdened by piling irrelevant, random and overall daft pseudo-scientific crap on top of them, killing any semblance of seriousness.
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This is the least scientifically plausible Dougal Dixon book I've read, but I still enjoyed its wonderful weirdness. It gets more implausible as it goes on, but then again the plausibility of various forms of future "homo" evolution is pretty much an epistemic black hole.
The book tells very pessimistic story of the future in which earth falls apart due to environmental destruction. Mankind engineers some basic freakish variations of itself to help build spaceships, and before leaving they seed the planet with a bunch of varieties of "homo", (including the poor people who couldn't buy tickets to Alpha Centauri). Seriously advanced intelligence doesn't really make a comeback, except in the aquatics who end up collapsing on themselves anyway.
Some animals like the seekers and socials, eventually develop warlike tenancies and develop basic tribal statism, but refuse to progress any further.
From the perspective of a history and economics fan, I find this fairly implausible. Even if intelligence is ultimately self defeating in the long run of a species, the incentives facing an individual organism within one lifespan would force it to make use of intelligence, not eschew it like the travelers/memory people do. These species basically decide to become primitivist terrorists who destroy and pillage any traces of technology or civilization when they find it.
He underestimates the value of individual minds which can specialize in certain labor tasks, and then cooperate and/or trade with one another. See the following quote: "It is not in the interest of the hive as a whole for anyone to show an individuality, and so it was lost generations upon generations ago. Now and again, however, it surfaces once more, and under the influence of these throwbacks hives begin to experiment with new and different ways of living, which nearly always end in failure. The progressive hive dies, turns to dust, and the neighbouring hives absorb its territory." This seems super unbelievable to me. I'd expect the first species to discover the division of labor, and to make use of technology to very quickly dominate all the rest. This is exactly what humans did.
However, eschewing technological societies does allow for him to focus more on the biological angle rather than the anthropological angle. This is probably good as it allows the book to stay mainly a speculative zoology one, rather than an anthropology one as the title deceptively suggests.
The book itself is much more text heavy than previous Dixon books, but given the different format of this book that is useful. By that I mean: previous Dixon books examined a cross section of various species at one point in time. In this one he examines the evolutionary lineage of a single over a long period of time. So having a lot of text allows you to trace multiple evolutionary lineages without having a wholly unreasonable amount of illustrations.
Anyway, I didn't think it was as good as The New Dinosaurs, or After Man, but it was highly enjoyable nonetheless. -
I really enjoyed this book, despite all the negative reviews I have seen. It was a real trip. Once I opened this book up, I couldn't put it down.
People say that it's far fetched (I agree), depressing (yeah, much of it is), and inaccurate in many ways. I'm no scientist so I'm not going to complain about the scientific inaccuracies much. But I can, from a layman's point of view, pretty much agree with that too.
The book is basically about man's future on Earth and begins 200 years in the future. Man has pretty much wrecked the planet, and he's on his way out, so it seems. Scientists begin making genetically engineered humans that can live in places regular homo sapiens cannot. For instance, outer space. The Vacumorph is an odd, bug-looking like critter that lives in space and fixes space vessels. From the outside, it doesn't look human at all; but there is a skeletal structure diagram that shows a very human-like skeleton. This skeleton is protected by a tough shield, so the creature can withstand the vacuum of space.
And that's just one of the more interesting morphs in this book. Others include the Tics, who are these gig, blob-like creatures that body parts are grafted onto (a homo sapien lives inside the "blob," which is referred to as a cradle). Before the tics, cradles were machines (there is one picture of one guy inside what sort of looks like a steam shovel). Man has advanced far enough to where certain people that could not live like normal humans can be kept alive in the "cradles". They are on life support and eat synthetic foods. They're very vulnerable outside their cradles.
Another of the freakiest "future men" are the parasites and hosts. Way down the line, a few million years or so, certain humans that resemble the Abominable snowman without hair develop into big eating machines that serve as "hosts" for smaller, blood sucking, vampire-bat-like humans. They latch on, sucking blood of the host. Really crazy stuff!
That's just a few.
I saw this more of a sci-fi fictional type thing than a factual book (which others have said). It was very entertaining, yet dismal. According to Dixon, man's future is not very bright. The Homo sapiens that were left when man was in decline developed into sort of "tribes" in the ruins of the cities where they had to fend for themselves. Basically, they became cavemen again. Only a select few were chosen to go into space and try to colonize elsewhere.
Homo sapiens eventually die out, and the genetically engineered critters are left to do whatever they do. One thing they do is evolve into even more freaky creatures. The saga ends at 5,000,000 years in the future. By now, "man" isn't even recognizable.
I won't spoil the ending for you. You need to experience that for yourself. Not a real optimistic book, for sure. That's all I will say.
One review I read about this book argued that man could not possibly evolve that much and that quickly in the time range given in the book. That was one of the first things I thought about, after I started reading this, in fact. But I guess with the genetic engineering thrown in there, Dixon figured that it'd go nuts.
The illustrations are just plain out there. Many of the humans just look like apes, or early man, but there are some doozies in this book, like mentioned above. I found myself, after getting done with the book, going back several times just to look at the illustrations. Several people commented that the illustrations weren't very well done. I agree that some of the anatomy was off, but then...was it? These are all imagined beasts/humans after all. I wasn't turned off by the pictures as far as quality, but some were pretty disturbing (for instance, the tics. They just gave me the heebie-jo-jeebies.)
For entertainment purposes, this book is a fun, interesting read. It was hard for me to put down. I love Dougal Dixon's work, especially the speculative works, such as The New Dinosaurs (which I am reading next.)
Dixon went all-out with this book, and I think he probably had a lot of fun with this one, letting his imagination go wild. As said though, some of it is dismal. Many of the descendants of man have a really rough go at it.
Though many people argue that it is his weakest work, or worst work, I disagree. It was as fun and intriguing to me as any of his other stuff. I think maybe people were turned off because most of man's descendents in Dixon's future world are not pretty, and many are not real nice.
All in all, a good read, in my opinion. Just don't take it too seriously. -
Basically, the bad guys from Parasite Eve 2 have won. A very misanthropic take on the future of humanity, in the sense that the author peddles (in the same manner as he does in another book of his, "Greenworld") some sort of ecofascist narrative where technology and organized human-like civilizations alwasy lead to ecological disaster.
While somewhat entertaining in the execution of its premise and the creativity behind the Cronenberg'd creatures that populate the world of the future, these kinds of grossly simplified and stereotyped narratives about the relationship between humanity and its environment are in a way an expression of a very limited understanding of the actual historical processes of humanity as a collective, that has developed in a unique way since the creation of language and culture.
This is manifested in a disturbing indifference towards the concept of human history and the significance of human existence itself, since the book's horrifying creations lack any sense of self and their inner existences end up being dismissed as superficial manifestations of pulsions driven by biological needs. humanity's technological descendants of the future (who return from deep space) fare little better, since they are portrayed as a rather uninteresting civilization of monstruous cyborgs that further exploit Earth's environment (and the posthuman-Cronenberg monstruosities who inhabit it) in a mechanical way until the entire planet is wrecked and almost all forms of life become extinct. The philosofical implication of this portrayal, coupled with a systematic pessimism, leads to rather horrible exercises of imagination that carry on to problematic postures regarding the actual problems of sustainability. -
This book is so out dated and hilariously bad it isn't even funny. So let me get this straight, the world is dying and humanity's best bet is to send the "genetic elite" into space while the scientists left behind decide to de-evolve the human race? I suppose the only way for humanity to survive overpopulation and bad magnetic waves is to de-evolve our genetic children into ugly-as-sin ape things and manatees. You may think I'm joking about the ugly-as-sin part but take a look at this:
http://29.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lcb...
That's one of the hilariously bad illustrations in this book. Believe me when I say that the illustrations and phony-science get even worse from there! Would I recommend this book? Don't waste your money, but check out the illustrations if you want a good laugh or pure A-Grade Nightmare Fuel. -
Beautiful book on... speculative anthropology?
It reads like a collection of short stories (from viewpoints of different creatures), connecting into one big narrative of what could become of humans after genetic engineering and natural evolution millions of years in the future.
LOVED the illustrations and the reasons for one or another adaptation of the creatures. Beautiful book, if a little bit sentimental at times. -
For readers who liked the concept of 'body horror' of Dune-- that is, science-fiction/futuristic fantasy that posits that in humanity's future, we wouldn't be pursuing technological achievements, but genetic engineering and organismic mutilation that reverts us back to wild animals that are physiologically adapted to extreme environments. Thus in this book, one would read (and see pictures) of visions of future humans who look like seals in water, giant houseflies in the atmosphere, machines with giant human faces, humans that look like brains with extra limbs, humans that have become apes again, humans that look like desert worms, humans who kill and savage and potentially eat each other in the ruins of cities, humans that have become apes who are symbiotic with other humans who have become apes... everything is unfettered play for author Dougal Dixon's febrile imagination in this book. So many nightmarish illustrations of animal bodies with suffering human faces. A perfect gift for someone you want to scare.
At the same time, despite this wide array of imagined human body forms, the story of their fates are quite monotonous-- all their thoughts now are the thoughts of wild animals, aiming to survive their harsh environments, eat food and live another day. Possibly written while under the influence of something mind-expansive. -
Like if John Carpenter wrote a textbook on evolution.
Grotesque and repetitive. -
This book was very fanciful. I can see how the author may have developed some of the ideas, but the majority seemed incredibly far fetched, essentially an extreme devolution of what was left of humanity...back to the trees and primordial slime...I spent half my time rolling my eyes, especially considering the small time frame for such changes...200 years, 300 years by which stage we will be swimming in the ocean, unable to breathe air but circulate water around our mouths and pectoral gills to gather oxygen. Of course these skills were given a helping hand by civilisation when it still existed by way of genetic engineering. All I can say is Dixon has an incredible imagination.
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I decided to read this because it looked weird and creepy. It did not disappoint.
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Dougal Dixon's books on speculative biology are among my favorite reading material. Illustrated lavishly in color with pictures of possible future species or species that might have existed today if not for this or that cosmic catastrophe are worth collecting as much for their beauty and humor as for the scientific information and science-fiction texts they contain. This book, however, also had one extra, added attraction: it culminates in an event which, set a couple of million years in our future, turns the Earth and humanity's Earthly descendants into something right out of a 5-star work of horror.
What is our future? What evolutionary pathways will our species take as time goes on? What will our descendants be like in a thousand years, ten thousand years, a hundred thousand years, a million years? How will our future evolution affect other creatures on our planet?
The book begins with the premise that we are a species "outside evolution," supported by highly advanced technology that shapes nature to fulfill our short-term requirements. (Actually, we aren't "outside evolution" -- natural selection still operates on all of us, as can be quickly determined by talking with anyone who has suffered an iatrogenic disease, a mugging, a miscarriage due to unexpected side-effects of a prescription medication, the business end of some warlord's campaign, a drive-by shooting, etc. Selective pressures are still there, and survival of the luckiest is the name of the game. The only thing that has changed is the nature of particular selective factors, which have shifted radically in the last ten thousand years or so, not the fact of natural selection itself. Do not ask for whom Darwin's Bell tolls -- it tolls for thee, regardless of whom thou art, even me. But don't let that spoil the story.) Dixon asks if old age, illness, and bad luck can be held at bay forever? The result is Man After Man, a richly illustrated anthropology of the future. It shows several possible evolutionary paths for humanity: on other worlds; in space, that is, a gravity-free environment; under water, in the oceans; and on the soils and sands of Earth's surface. A select group of humans in outstanding condition leave Earth for colonies on worlds of other stars. Others, supported by ingenious technology that counteracts their increasingly deteriorated genotypes and physiology, remain on Earth, the lords of life there.
Trying to find a way to free themselves from the immobility and weaknesses conferred on them by their genes and necessitated by the type of technology used to care for them, the stay-at-home humans develop bio-solutions in the form of organic life-support systems into which they fit snugly. These systems enable them to move and work the way their able ancestors did, by their own initiative and metabolic power. Still others, who have not succumbed to the genetic weaknesses of the technocrats, have developed a way of life much like their Neolithic forebears, living in small settlements, growing their own crops, raising bees for honey and pollination, making their own tools, and otherwise living as independently as possible from the machines upon which their cousins have become fatally dependent. But the process of Earthly evolution doesn't stop there.
The Hiteks -- Homo sapiens machina diumentum -- decide that they will replenish the Earth with new creatures to replace older species that had died off due to human activities. Accordingly, using advanced bioengineering techniques, they create the Plains-Dweller, Homo campis fabricatus, with a large belly accommodating the enlarged digestive tract of an obligate herbivore, teeth configured to eat grass, long legs and feet configured somewhat like those of a dog to enable fast running, and blade-like calluses on its fingertips that can be used as weapons as well as tools, for protection and food-gathering. The ancestors of the Hiteks had created aquamorphs, humans genetically modified to live and work underwater on various tasks important to the world economy; and vacuumorphs, humans genetically modified to live and work in space, in gravity-free environments, without protective spacesuits, and the ability to retain huge amounts of oxygen to reduce the number of times they would have to return to their space-based homes for another breath while working outside. Those same ancestors had also shared the Earth with "quatties," normal humans living in the ruins of once-proud cities, and other people not dependent on advanced technology, some of which had given rise to the unmodified humans of 500 years in our future who keep bees, grow their own crops, and live apart from high-tech culture. Now the Hiteks want to go their ancestors several times better, starting with their engineered plains-dweller. That engineered species is followed in quick succession by the Forest-Dweller, Homo silvis fabricatus, the Tundra-Dweller, Homo glacis fabricatus, and the Temperate Woodland-Dweller, Homo virgultis fabricatus. An advanced version of the older and and now extinct Aquamorph is also created, Piscanthropus submarinus. And then, slowly but surely, especially after Homo sapiens machinasdiumentum dies off, these genetically engineered, radically altered versions of humanity begin to evolve in adaptive response to changes in their environment . . .
Five million years go by. The world goes through its changes, ice age giving way to a more temperate climate which then returns to an ice age, over and over again. Areas that were above water are submerged; land that had been below the surface of the oceans is left high and dry. Without humanity's factories and other sources of pollution, the Earth has healed of the wounds we inflicted on it. And then . . .
Strange lights appear in the night sky, moving against the background of stars whose proper motions through the heavens over the eons are not discernible by members of species which, descended from bioengineered versions of humanity, have given up the intellectual lives and abilities and cultures of their remote, unaltered ancestors. Resolving into large structures of worked metal, they alight on Earth and disgorge their passengers. Ah! Humanity has returned from its far-flung interstellar colonies -- but not in the form it had when it first left Earth for the stars. These weird creatures have been so heavily reworked to meet the demands of their inconceivably technologically and biotechnologically advanced culture that they barely retain any resemblance to the original parent stock at all. Tiny, with clusters of minute arms without hands, but with servoconnections for manipulating controls which, in turn, activate machines that do their work for them, these creatures have no legs. Their legs have been sacrificed in order to enable them to fit better into saddles mounted on machines or bioengineered living mounts, which then serve as their legs, powerful and enduring beyond anything nature could have given us. Unheeding or, perhaps, ignorant of the fact of their ancestral origins on this blue, living world, they take it over for their own purposes. They fill it with factories that produce everything they need, using local resources as raw materials -- including, when appropriate, the flesh of the animal life around them. They begin modifying that life to suit their needs and desires, turning
the children of men into ugly, pathetic caricatures of living organisms, not to mention humans and their strange but natural descendants in the process. Finally, having robbed Earth of most of her mineral wealth and biological resources for their factories, turning Earth into a blasted, ravaged,low-oxygen wasteland and Earth's seas into heavily polluted sinks in the process, the little horrors leave, probably still ignorant that this was the homeworld of their ancestors. And in the seas, the surviving members of Piscanthropus profundus, the ultimate descendants of the original Aquamen of the 25th Century, rise up out of the water to watch the rocket exhaust of the factory ships dwindling to nothing in the poisoned skies of Earth . . . -
Some may judge by the cover and already assume that Man after 5 million yrs gonna turn itself into darth vader baby riding on an atrophied antilope.
And that's not far from the truth.
Speculative evolution (as a science fiction subgenre) is my best find this year. It's such a strange and wondrous, and nauseating thing that I wish I found when I was 12 y old. I just wonder how my life would have turned out if I had this in my house instead of Jules Verne stuff.. To add, I think this book on a shelf would fit well together with "Codex Seraphinianus" (after reading "Man after Man" the Codex would help to gradually increase disturbing awe and make mental nausea persistent and irreversible. Probably).
3.14⭐ – Luckily I don't have much biological, geological knowledge to have any professional criticism whatsoever. Illustrations smoothed out all the bumps and historical gaps. Nonetheless I would rate it higher if it felt more accurate than the lyrics of 1969 hit "In The Year 2525".
👽 As I already struggled with understanding what is a human, this book did not help – it made me want to start a new conspiracy theory movement, in which Earth is actually a globe and all the animals we have today are in fact genetically modified humans, and those advanced humans who once modified them into "less humans" will one day come back to Earth and enslave us all (while we will perceive them as aliens). -
Intelligence gives birth to monsters.
Probably one of the most dystopian books I have ever read. Speculative zoology is its own separate genre and is very specific, sharp, and exciting. There were times where I felt like I was reading
Cloud Atlas. I think it is definitely worth reading. I loved it. A very absurd and unique book. -
i await man after man inside me
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Still enjoyable as a piece of speculative fiction, but it didn’t have the same intrigue to me as All Tomorrow’s did
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3.5/5 stars.
I enjoyed this as a whole, narratively wise, but less on the small details.
For some reason, it felt much more graphic(?) compared to All Tomorrows. I had to stop the audiobook so I can continue eating in peace.
I was a bit confused at times, where on the timeline we were or what human was followed.
Also, what happened to the “regular human” communities such as the beekeeper? -
This utterly depressing, gripping tome broadcasts its mission statement very early on, when it claims that genetic engineering is the only way to ensure mankind will continue to evolve and develop to meet the needs of his future. What follows is a book that is hard to pin down, and the decision on the ultimate value of its content wheels on the fulcrum of one's own opinions.
Is it a cynic's guide to future anthropology, or the detached viewpoint of an objective realist? That depends.
Is it a withering indictment of man's ability to control his own impulses and destinies, or an acknowledgement that many of us strive to, however futile? Could be.
Is it a warning about the dangers of over-reliance on technology and medicine, or an appeal to us to change our own circumstances before we surrender everything upon these two altars? Maybe.
It's hard to tell where the author is coming from, and to be honest, I don't know what to think about it. Is he advocating eugenics or warning against it, or simply saying "time is running out" before we're faced with one of these two options? There are moments where his own opinions seem to poke through the page; at other times he steps so far back into his narrative-driven speculative anthropological world that he vanishes, and one is immersed in the minds of his creatures.
Ultimately, I don't buy much of what Man After Man posits, but given how long ago the book was written, it's easy to see why some of its missteps occurred. Taking it in the context of its time, I still find a very deep read presented, but it is coupled with a sense of dead ends, as if the author began trains of speculative evolution and wasn't sure quite which station he'd stop them at. For example, I ached for more about the memory people, as implausible as they were, and less about the hivers and tundra dwellers, who had too much of the book's time.
Dixon's tale posits a world in which two extremes are each given their playground:pragmatism and dogmatic Luddism. One camp dies out, another becomes a twisted version of what it once was, and everything caught in the middle suffers for it.
Ouch. This book will stay with you, for better or worse, and in the end its bravery merits acclaim. -
I originally read this book when I was 13, and picked it up again these many years later out of nostalgia. Unfortunately my nostalgia was largely misplaced: Dixon's After Man is the book I remember so fondly; Man After Man by comparison is something of a disappointment. It has a similar premise: pulling on evolutionary trends of the past, Dixon looks forward and projects possible variations and forms that mankind may adopt in the distant future. In Man After Man, however, these predictions are based on a combination of genetic engineering and natural evolution. Near-future man creates genetically reversed-engineered variations of himself, stripped of nearly all human intelligence and built to fill niches in the ecosystem vacated by extinct animals; over time, these human animals evolve into fitter, sometimes more intelligent forms.
Stripping mankind of society, intelligence, and recognizable human form, most human evolutions in Man After Man hardly seem human or futuristicwhich rather defeats the purpose of the book. Yet most of the future evolutions remain constrained to variation of the same human/primate form, and so feel uninspired and repetitive. Narrative sections add a personal, sometimes refreshing, element, but the writing style is unremarkable. Mediocre art which (even after suspending disbelief for genetically engineered, distantly evolved forms) never feels entirely convincing or realistic does a lot to drag down the book. Which isn't to say that Man After Man is all bad: there are some clever ideas, a few fascinating evolutions, and at least a basis in rational explanation which, combined with the short length and plentiful illustrations, make the book a quick, fairly absorbing read. But Man After Man isn't half as inventive, entertaining, or thought-provoking as it could be (or as Dixon's other books are), and so it's a disappointment. I don't recommend it. -
time to adapt my flirting for this new age
Oh this nuclear winter is so cold…. if only a big strong man would slaughter that genetically engineered subzero temperature food-beast and gently shroud me in its still warm skin -
This book should not be read as a realistic chronology of human evolution but more as a sci-fi oddity with outrageous art. This book has been out of print for 30 years and it's easy to see why, what with it's excessively dour screed on humanity's impending destruction of the planet to the various species of genetically engineered hominid outlined in mind-blowing amateurish art bordering closely on body horror and reminding one of something they'd be more likely to see in a Dungeons and Dragons sourcebook than in a guide to future evolution. Anyways, this book should be sought out alone for the incredible, albeit misguided, imaginations of Dougal Dixon and (hey he tried) illustrator Philip Hood.
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Sci-fi imagines the craziest extremes in the future of human- and nature- controlled evolution of our species.
Yes, much of it is dated--the big, clunky "futuristic" machines and the rather sexist imaginings of hominid society. However, it should be entertaining to those readers who enjoy imaginative and bizarre illustrations and material. -
This is an interesting attempt at illustrating possibilities in human evolution, but his rendering of post human bodies bugs the hell out of me. He uses a style that can best be described as "derp". Seriously, Dixon, take some life drawing classes. Gah!
Also, rumors of plagiarism off Wayne Barlowe. -
This follow-on to Life After Man (which I loved), is wildly speculative, of course, but, at a deeper level offers an unfortunately depressingly realistic view of the prospects for biodiversity on our planet. It's a cool book, wacky even. Although man's destructiveness and inability to live sustainably is depressing, the book does end on an upbeat note - that life will find a way.
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A wild look at what might be in our distant future. Such wild images presented here are worth a Google search at the very least to truly appreciate the aesthetics the book presents to the viewer. Hopefully my family line will end before evolving into one if these creatures 😆
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an eerie science-fiction book about the evolution of the human race through years to come, it's depressing but it's hypothetically showing what lies hidden for humans if they are brave enough to start altering human genes. A cool book that I couldn't put down until I devoured every page of it!
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the art is weird, the story is far fetched and bleak: this is top notch cosmic horror/ weird scifi
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An imaginative book, but ultimately a rather silly one. Read After Man instead. This one's not worth the ludicrous prices being charged for a used copy.
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season's greason's
