Tomatoland: How Modern Industrial Agriculture Destroyed Our Most Alluring Fruit by Barry Estabrook

Tomatoland: How Modern Industrial Agriculture Destroyed Our Most Alluring Fruit Reviews

• 
  David Rubenstein

  This book is sort of a cross between
  The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals and
  The Grapes of Wrath. It is both a description of the tomato and how agri-business has transformed the tomato into a tasteless commodity, and a sociological muckraking of the obscene conditions suffered by migrant workers in Florida. The middle portion of the book is extremely depressing. Decades ago, I remember watching the documentary, "The Harvest of Shame" about migrant workers. For so many migrant workers, conditions have hardly improved, if at all. Poisonous pesticides are sprayed on them directly, without any protections. But the most affecting sections of the book describe modern slavery in Florida. If you eat tomatoes in the winter, then without a doubt, you've eaten produce that was harvested by a slave. There are workers who are not just "treated like slaves"--they are slaves; they are bought and sold, they are guarded at gunpoint night and day, and beaten when they don't work or try to run away.
  
  It is not until the later portions of the book, when some more upbeat stories about enlightened farmers are described, that I began to gain some hope about the future of farming and the workers who pick the harvests.
• 
  Simone

  Everyone. Go. Read. This. Book. Now, before you eat another bad tomato.
  
  "Any American who has eaten a winter tomato, either purchased at a supermarket or on top of a fast food salad, has eaten a fruit picked by the hand of a slave. That's not an assumption', said Douglas Molloy, a U.S. attorney in Florida, 'that is a fact."
  
  And he's not talking, slave like, or something resembling slavery. He's talking legit whipped, kept in chains, badly fed, whipped for trying to escape slavery. If the conditions of labor aren't enough to make you swear off winter tomatoes, the description of the pesticides used should.
  
  I hadn't really thought much about winter tomatoes. I'm used to seeing them when I walk into the store, but I don't buy them during the winter. Because, they taste like nothing. A bit of a water flavor, not much else. If I need tomatoes for something in the winter, like a soup or a chili, I either used home canned tomatoes (whole canning tomatoes is incredibly straight forward and much more satisfying) or canned tomatoes - which don't come from Florida and therefore have flavor.
  
  As Estabrook details, the tomatoes grown in Florida are grown almost out of habit. They don't grow them for taste, as one farmer says, he doesn't make any money based on what a tomato tastes like when it's sold in a store. "They just want something red to put in their salads." That we are blind to the ramifications of that child like desire is insane if you stop and think about it. Literal slavery and environmental degradation so that people can walk into a grocery store in the dead of winter and buy tomatoes and that taste like nothing.
  
  If someone can explain the logic of this system continuing that doesn't have to do with naked capitalism, please let me know. I can't think of one good reason it should continue. Read this book, and stop eating winter tomatoes.
• 
  Marvin

  If you only read one book about tomatoes in your lifetime make it this one.
  
  Thanks to investigative books and films like Fast Food Nation and Food, Inc., we have been exposed to the shady going-ons in the food industry that gives us unhealthy sub-standard food products and inhumane treatment of animals. After reading Tomatoland, I'm almost persuaded to start an humane society for the tomato. Anyone who buys a commercial tomato know that this once noble fruit has been reduced to a pretty but tasteless atrocity.
  
  Barry Estabrook investigates the Florida tomato business from where we get a third of our tomatoes and most of the winter supply to find out that the tasteless tomato is a well planned conspiracy. From toxic pesticides to slave labor conditions, this is a book that echoes back to Sinclair's The Jungle for pure disgust. Yet the Florida tomato industry is so strong that they can dictate how the tomato is developed and persecute any independent grower that deviates.
  
  Books like this may be disturbing but they are essential. The author does an excellent job in his investigation but he also covers those persons who are fighting the establishment. I would have liked a little more about what the consumer can do to help but it is really very obvious. Boycott commercial Florida tomatoes and buy heirloom and organic products from independent growers. Or grow it own. It's worth it if only for taste.
• 
  Linda

  “Tomatoland” is one of the very best investigative books I have read in many years. The topic is 21st Century slavery and related abuses in the tomato fields of Florida, in locations not far from Disney’s Magic Kingdom and Naples, one of the wealthiest communities in the US. I really respect and appreciate Barry Estabrook’s obvious compassion and empathy for the migrant workers whose tragic stories he includes in this very well-written, thoroughly documented and truly compelling book.
  Barry is a highly regarded journalist and was for many years a contributing editor for the late Gourmet magazine. His writing has been featured in the Atlantic, The New York Times Magazine, the Washington Post and other publications. He was the founding editor of Eating Well magazine. Barry recently received a James Beard Award for his blog:
  www.politicsoftheplate.com
  Florida produces about one-third of the fresh tomatoes grown in the US and sold to supermarkets and big box stores such as Wal-Mart. This is where “winter tomatoes”, that can be purchased in January in Chicago for example, most likely originate. In addition, these tomatoes from Florida are used by fast-food operations such as McDonald’s, Burger King, Taco Bell, and Chipolte.
  Florida’s soil is quite sandy and theoretically inhospitable to the growth of tomatoes and other vegetables. To solve this problem tomato growers use an extensive array of highly toxic chemicals. Actually, Florida growers use 8 times as many chemicals on their fields as similarly sized fields in California. The tomatoes are then picked green, before ripeness, and gassed with ethylene to create the desired red coloration. A typical consumer of these tomatoes may also be consuming chemicals such as metribuzin (herbicide), mancozeb (fungicide) and avermectin (insecticide), all three of which, per the author, are known to be “developmental and reproductive toxins”. Sometimes tear gas is even added to what the author calls a “witches brew” of highly toxic chemicals. The tomatoes are rubbery, capable of bouncing across a kitchen floor without breaking, and completely tasteless.
  The author describes in meticulous detail several situations, such as in the Ag-Mart Produce fields, in which the toxins are knowingly and aggressively sprayed at the very same time workers are tending to the crops in the same fields, even in the next row. What results, for women working there who may be pregnant, is the strong likelihood of a still birth or a child born with severe disabilities. The author describes one child, Carlito, who was born with no arms or legs. Another child, Violetta, was born with no anus, no sex organs and other horrible deformities. Three days after her birth, she died. Both of these children mothers had worked in the Ag-Mart fields and had been subjected to direct contact with a variety of toxic chemicals in their daily work. The grower was in blatant violation of US EPA rules in spraying a field while workers were present and not allowing a specific amount of time to lapse before workers were allowed into the field. With no enforcement capability, bribery of inspectors, actual threats of violence and extortion of workers by their employers, nothing was likely to be done in many of these tragic cases. In the case of Carlito, a social worker eventually referred his family to an attorney, Andrew Yaffa, who was working with farm workers in a number of cases. After three years he was able to procure an undisclosed settlement to assist the family with Carlito’s care.
  The damage to the environment by the use of a wide array of highly toxic chemicals is further described in a story about Lake Apopka, at one time the fourth largest lake in Florida and home to a variety of wildlife, including wide-mouthed bass. Farming of tomatoes began here in the 1940’s when swamp land was drained to grow produce in support of what was called the “wartime effort”. Farming continued there, with of course the accompanying wide use of highly toxic chemicals, into the mid 1990’s. The lake turned green and became the most highly polluted body of water in Florida. The fish of course were long gone and migratory birds were no longer present. Farming was eventually curtailed with local landowners bought out, at a profit, by the state. Attempts to rebuild the natural habitat have been a failure. When various migratory birds returned, they died. However, the farm workers, mostly African-Americans, were left behind, many suffering from a variety of illnesses, including kidney failure, Lupus, arthritis, vision problems and other disabilities. They to this date have received absolutely no compensation for the disabling injuries and diseases which are a direct result of Florida’s agricultural practices and persistent violations of EPA regulations. Recently the Tea Party favorite and current Florida governor, Rick Scott, vetoed a state budget bill that would have provided a settlement to these workers. (Scott, a multimillionaire, was forced to resign as CEO of the Columbia HCA health care organization in the late 1990’s after the company pleaded guilty to a variety of fraudulent Medicare billing practices and agreed to a $600 million settlement with the federal government.)
  There are no buffer zones between the fields and the local communities, allowing the chemicals being sprayed to blow into schools, homes, and even churches. In one instance, described by the author, parishioners attending a church service had to leave, feeling quite unwell during the service as methyl bromide combined with tear gas was being sprayed in near-by fields on a Sunday morning.
  In addition to the discussion of the extensive use of highly toxic, carcinogenic chemicals in tomato farming in Florida, what I found to be most stunning and horrifying was the reporting on the modern day slavery and utterly immoral abuse of farm workers in the rural area known as Immokalee, located about 50 miles from Naples, FL. The inhumane and illegal conditions suffered by migrant workers just 50 miles from one of the wealthiest communities in the US have existed for many years. It does not matter if a Democrat or Republican is governor, a US Senator or even President of the United States. The labor is cheap, the workers, mostly migrants who barely even speak English, are silent and fearful, and the abuse has continued. Coyotes (smugglers of human beings) routinely charge exorbitant fees to transport workers into the US, crowding them into stifling, dark trailer trucks, trading them off to another coyote as though they were a commodity, and sending them to live in conditions not even fit for a stray dog – in broken down trailers, shacks, tents hidden away in the woods with minimal food and a complete lack of sanitary conditions for cooking and bathing. The workers were subject to forced labor for long hours and could be beaten or fired for the most minor of things, such as taking a bathroom break or having a drink of water. Workers were routinely cheated out of wages and were not paid for transportation time or any other down time in the fields. Growers, such as Ag-Mart, even charged a worker $5 to take a cold shower under a garden hose, out in the open, after a typical 12+ hour day. They were paid by bushel of tomatoes picked (anywhere from 50 cents a bushel to at the most $1), not on any sort of hourly fair wage basis. They were not paid for transportation to and from the fields, meal breaks, or any downtime. Of course, they had no health insurance, worker’s compensation for injuries, or unemployment insurance. How they survived at all is really hard to imagine.
  Through the efforts of pro bono attorneys, social workers, church groups, and local organizations such as the “Coalition of Immokalee Workers”, efforts are being made to file lawsuits and work for better conditions for the migrant workers. Several cases in particular are described in detail, including cases involving human trafficking, harboring and abusing aliens, unlawful detention (forced labor) and attempts to deny workers their salaries.
  Lucas Domingo was hired onto the Navarette family operation. Domingo arrived here illegally. He was promised housing, meals, and what sounded to him to be a decent wage. He needed to send money home to support a sick parent. Instead, Domingo was sent to live in a “box trailer” in the backyard of a Navarette property, living in the trailer with 3 other workers and no toilet, much less a shower. Meals were of very poor quality and infrequent. Workers typically ran up debts to the manager, in this case Cesar Navarette. Wages were then taken from them to pay off these loans. When the workers threatened to leave they were severely beaten and locked up in the residences, these trailers, abandoned vans, and shacks, in the backyard. After 3 years of this, two workers on the Navarette property managed to escape one night. Miraculously, they made their way to CIW, the Coalition of Imokkalee Workers. After telling their stories to local law enforcement authorities, three Navarette brothers and their mother were indicted for among other things, forcing slavery. This is of course a violation of the Thirteenth Amendment of the US Constitution which assures the right to be free of involuntary servitude. Sentences handed down after plea deals by the Navarettes included deportation to Mexico for the mother, 12 year sentences for 2 of the brothers, and almost 4 years for another brother.
  Also discussed in detail are the efforts over many years to get large markets and fast food operations to agree to support the payment of better wages to the farm workers. Of course these corporations tended to resist efforts at reform for a number of years. Some, including Whole Foods Market, YUM Brands (which owns several fast food chains), certain major supermarket chains eventually agreed to support improved conditions and better wages for workers. To this day, however, Trader Joe’s is holding out! Throughout the book there are also discussions of the failings of various elected officials, from Presidents on down, to correct the blatant wrongs being done with these deplorable agricultural practices.
  The final chapters in the book report on some successes, overall ending the book on a positive note. There is the successful organic farmer, Tom Beddard of Lady Moon Farms, who sells his produce to among others, Whole Foods Market. Gregory Schell, an attorney who went to Harvard Law School with Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts, is now working on migrant worker issues and has successfully won a number of court cases in an attempt to change conditions for workers around the country. Barbara Mainster is a teacher working with the Redlands Christian Migrant Association in providing child care, education, and other services to low income families living in farm worker migrant camps in the area. Steven Kirk has worked with others to provide decent housing for migrant workers, beginning his projects in the aftermath of Hurricane Andrew. And finally, there is the lovable Tim Stark, a Princeton graduate who farms organically on his farm, Eckerton Hill Farm, in eastern Pennsylvania. Tim has quite a following at the Greenmarket in Union Square and also sells his produce to upscale trendy restaurants in New York. However, I remain haunted by the deplorable conditions of the migrant workers involved in our food production and the serious damage being done to the environment. I really hope Barry’s book gets much wider recognition and is included on the summer reading list for not just all of us normal people, but for government officials, non-profits, and religious groups who are in more of a position to do something about this. (What are the Obama’s reading this summer?)
  
• 
  Dana

  Rarely, if ever, has a book made me this angry. I had no idea that today, here in the USA, in Florida, people are being held against their wills' as slaves, beaten, subjected to cancer causing and birth defect causing caustic chemicals, living in horribly disgusting substandard conditions, sometimes locked up and killed, and we have all eaten tomatos that they picked. Our country, the land of the free, is not adequately protecting migrant farm workers from horrific abuse and working conditions and substandard pay.
  
  This book brings these issues to light and they are issues that we all need to be aware of. Migrant farm workers who come to this country illegally are not trying to steal jobs from Americans. They are just trying to earn a living and are willing to work hard in conditions that legal Americans would not put up with and that we should not allow to exist in our country. Even though it is legally not supposed to happen, tomato pickers are routinely forced to work in fields where pesticide is being sprayed causing them to have respiritory problems and skin rashes and to have babies born with no arms and legs and other, often life-threatening and deadly birth defects. One man walked through what he thought was water as he worked and when he went home and showered, all of his toenails fell off.
  
  Not only are we eating tomatoes that have been grown in and routinely sprayed with these poisons that we may be ingesting, but the workers who plant and pick those tomatos are getting all kinds of horrible illnesses from the pesticides that our country allows to be sprayed on our food. Is it worth that cost to eat tasteless tomatoes?
  
  This book also chronicles the different types of tomatoes that are grown and shows that it is possible to grow tasty tomatoes organically and in safer conditions for the workers. The author tells about the Coalition of Immokalee Workers, which is assisting the migrant farm workers to earn at least minimum wage and to prosecute those tomato farmers and field bosses who are engaged in human trafficking.
  Here is their website:
  http://ciw-online.org/slavery.html
  
  I personally won't buy tomatoes from Florida any more. I realize, however, that the Florida tomato fields are not the only part of our agricultural industry that incorporates slave labor. We all need to become aware of the injustices and horrible abuses of human rights that are going on in our country and we need to do something about it. This book was a real eye-opener for me and I hope that others read it and are touched by it and moved to action against these abuses as well.
• 
  Adwoa

  Estabrook's Tomatoland offers an incredibly lucid and even-handed look at what is frequently a horrific industry in an unfair state - and for that, I commend him.
  
  As a writer and garden grower of tomatoes who cares about both good food and human rights, Immokalee presents a complex problem. On one hand, you believe firmly that workers should receive fair pay, equitable rights, and a chance to band together: but it's hard to approach that while ignoring the fundamental truth that on a larger level, tomatoes should probably not be grown in Florida at all. Estabrook does a really wonderful job of humanizing the people behind every level of the many conflicting viewpoints on the industry, where admissible.
  
  He has no pity whatsoever for those bosses who run their crews as slave gangs, which is as it should be. The thoroughness of the reporting fosters both deep satisfaction in his careful exposure of both the practices of modern-day slavery and indignation at the corruption that allows the owners of the companies who use the slavers' service to walk away with clean hands. Upliftingly, the book goes one step beyond many Problem Food tomes and documentaries, which frequently condemn big farming operations in broad strokes, champion organic food, and then end without ever addressing the gap in thinking between the two.
  
  In Tomatoland, there are several sections at the end devoted to organizations and individuals who are doing the right thing AND making a profitable living, from attorneys prosecuting for back taxes to architects building habitable structures for migrant workers. A few organic or near-organic farmers even make the cut.
  
  There is frequently little room in literature for conscientious Floridians. To see our state in print is usually to see it skewered as a depressing, corrupt wasteland: more backwards than the deep South and even less able to nourish its residents without extreme measures (intellectually or agriculturally). But what our topsoil lacks in nutrients, it makes up in narrative. Bravo to Barry Estabrook, for taking the time to tell one of our most insidious - and vital - stories.
• 
  Sherri

  
  There are certain books that have changed my viewpoint and shopping habits; this is one of those books. At some point in my consciousness, I knew that tomato workers were treated poorly. I vaguely recalled the time when Chipotle became the first restaurant to insist that its tomatos were purchased from sources that agreed to pay workers more. I knew that pesticides and other chemicals were used to grow tomatoes.
  
  In Tomatoland, the author painstakingly details the multiple horrors of the tomato industry in Florida where nearly all tomatoes that are sold to grocery stores and restaurants are purchased. Chemicals lingering on tomatoes are the least of the issues with the commodity tomato farmers - workers are routinely sprayed with chemicals in the field and when they complain about the effects, such as burning eyes, they are told to get back to work. Too many complaints can lead to, at best, firing, and at worst, a beating. As horrific as the disregard of the health of the workers was the stories about the migrant workers who literally were slaves of the crew bosses.
  
  The author highlights organizations that are fighting for these workers with no voices - and with some success, but there is a long way to go to change the standards in the industry. The author also highlights some of the successes in the industry, such as organic farms and farms that pay minimum wages to the workers. And the emerging hydroponic greenhouse tomatoes, cutting into the demand for the Florida tomatoes.
  
  And, to think that all these people are treated so horribly to bring to consumers tomatoes that have no flavor. Interwoven with the story of the tomato workers, the author also discusses the course of the tomato to being the bland deceptive looking object today and the success of other varieties that can be commercially grown and taste like a tomato. Alas, those tomatoes are not readily available in all grocery stores.
  
  Readers of Omnivore's Dilemma or Fast Food Nation will likely appreciate this book and the spotlight on the deplorable tomato industry.
• 
  Gail

  I already know that after reading this book or before i even finish i will plant tomatoes in my yard and boycot supermarket tomatoes.
  (later)
  This was an eye-opening book and what the prediction I made above came true. The last couple chapters were slower going that the beginning ones, but overall this is definitely worth a read.
• 
  Sylvester (Taking a break in 2023)

  Insanity!! I didn't read the entire title before diving into this book. So the first chapters were what I expected - interesting facts about what wild tomatoes are like and how they have been developed and changed over time - but I read on, and my jaw dropped, lower, and then lower still. I was shocked. Horrified. I could hardly believe it. I told some of my friends about what I was reading, and they questioned it - where was getting this information from? How could this be true? In America?!! Why hadn't we heard even a whisper of it? I read on. And on. It got better. I was impressed. The author covers all the angles of the tomato industry, both bad and good, and I was very relieved to hear the good. This book has changed how I shop for produce, especially tomatoes. I now have so many more reasons to put in that tomato patch next spring.
  
  
• 
  Linda Watson

  Tomatoland is this year's irresistibly juicy page turner. Investigative journalist Barry Estabrook first exposed the horrific conditions in Florida's industrial tomato fields in Gourmet magazine. The article won a James Beard award (think Oscar) and allowed him to continue investigating sunny Florida's dark secrets about the $10 billion fresh-tomato industry.
  
  Much of the book tells the story promised by the subtitle: How Modern Industrial Agriculture Destroyed our Most Alluring Fruit. You'll learn why "salad tomatoes" feel and taste like tennis balls: gassed from green to greenish-red without developing any unwanted softness or character. You'll learn why the big growers in Florida don't care about taste: it's too hard to breed for and anyway, taste happens after the sale, so who cares?
  
  More importantly and grippingly, Estabrook described the forced servitude—the slavery—that the tomato pickers endure. Slavery is not too strong a term when shackles, shotguns, and brutal beatings keep unwilling workers on the job. Other "incentives" for working including manufactured and inescapable debts and threats to the workers' families and co-workers.
  
  But if Tomatoland were all gloom and despair, I wouldn't be urging you to read it. Estabrook also introduces you to a wide range of people trying to create decent conditions for the workers, better environmental practices, and yes even tasty tomatoes. Read moving interviews with day-care operators, lawyers, housing developers, tomato breeders, and sustainable farmers. Tomatoland's David-and-Goliath vignettes make it a page turner, complete with spies and prison breaks. These sections not only offer hope and a few laughs. They also suggest ways to vote with your fork against slavery and poison and for human dignity and fragrant, heavy, truly ripe tomatoes.
  
  Who should read Tomatoland? Everyone who eats. Everyone who cares about babies, social justice, immigration, the environment, or good food.
  
  What groups should read and discuss Tomatoland? Book clubs. Co-ops. Farmers' market associations. Groups interested in ethics, from churches to political organizations. Next summer, I hope many universities pick Tomatoland as the freshman book assigned to all incoming students to stimulate conversation across disciplines. This lively read would provide a starting point for conversations on everything from architecture to genetics to writing.
• 
  David

  Like other reviewers, I note that the book concentrates almost exclusively on Florida tomato growing. I urge the author to consider Tomatoland 2.0 as a future project, expanding his view. Are Florida conditions unique to Florida? Why or why not? I'd like to know about conditions not only outside Florida, but outside the US.
  
  I've lived in the US, southeast Asia, and Europe, and found tasteless tomatoes in each. Here in the Balkans, yummy local tomatoes are available in abundance for six weeks a year, after which the pale, dry, tasteless variety return to the supermarkets for a long and sad 10+ months. (Consistent with local culture, the evil machinations of neighboring nationalities are blamed.) I'd love to know: how is the situation here the same as the US, and how is it different? What, if any, conclusions can be teased out of the similarities and differences? Have Floridian commercial agriculture practices and results been deliberately exported around the world, or did the unhappy model which created the Cardboard Tomato appear spontaneously in several different places?
  
  In addition to the (probably correct) assumption that Americans will only read about the US, it's a sad commentary on the US that this book had to be misleading marketed as primarily concerned with the question “Why do supermarket tomatoes taste so bad?”, but you do what you have do to get published and get publicity. If it had shown its true colors as an exposè of the exploitation of Florida agricultural workers, most potential readers people would have said “Yeah, whatever, Cesar Chavez, that's so 1970's.” The author certainly wouldn't have been able to get the attention he has, and maybe might never have found a publisher.
  
  That said, the book answers the bad-tasting tomato question, using about 30% of the space of the book to do so. The rest is an appalling catalog of ill-treatment of illegal immigrant labor, which is the price of cheap food in our supermarkets.
  
  Finally, a tip of the electronic hat to whomever formatted this book for Kindle. When necessary, the main text is clearly and accurately hot-linked to the book's end notes, making navigation back and forth easy. Other recent non-fiction works I've read apparently felt that the effort necessary to do this was too great.
• 
  Rachel

  The information in this book was startling, and that's coming from someone who has read/watched nearly everything there is in the "Omnivore's Dilemma"/Food Inc. genre. For example, it talks about slavery in the tomato industry in Florida, not slavery as some abstract hyperbole, but honest-to-goodness we own you and if you try and leave we will kill you stuff. The only reason I gave it four stars instead of five is that there was some mildly annoying repetition as though he had written the chapters as seperate articles and failed to edit out redundancies when it was compiled into a book.
• 
  Louise

  This was an illuminating look into the modern day tomato business. I am going to be more careful about where and when I buy tomatoes from now on.
• 
  Jacquelyn

  After seeing Tomatoland: How Modern Industrial Agriculture Destroyed Our Most Alluring Fruit (by Barry Estabrook) on sale at Barnes and Noble this summer, I added it to my reading list. Unfortunately, I couldn’t get my hands on a copy until yesterday. I expected to be bored with a history of industrial tomato production in Florida.I read the whole thing between last night and this afternoon. Bored would have been an improvement over how I am feeling right now.
  
  As someone who lives not far from Immokalee, which is a major subject in the book, it backs up everything I have ever heard on the news, from my high school Spanish teachers, and my mother on the conditions of the tomato laborers. But the truth is so much more-conditions and prospects are much worse than anyone has ever let on. I feel ashamed to live so close to this poor, often enslaved, community and have not known more about it before now. Reading through the chapters on the Coalition of Immokalee Workers (CIW) broke my heart over the situations these people have been put through.
  
  Estabrook does a good job highlighting the complex interplay of economic and social aspects in the tomato business. At times, it seems as though he has failed to highlight environmental aspects. And then you read about the pesticide use and the health abuses against these workers from being sprayed with pesticides while working in the fields, in violation of laws set up to prevent this. He scares the reader with the sheer amount of chemicals spread on the fields, let alone the toxicity of these. He names each possible chemical that could be used and its harmful side effects. He writes about several cases of birth defects in the Immokalee area caused by improper exposure to pesticides. I cried through this part; I was heartbroken for these families. Yet they remain optimistic for their children and their prospects in the United States.
  
  He presents the CIW and highlights their work to improve the lot of the migrant workers in Immokalee. National campaigns against large fast food companies have been successful, but the CIW still has its work cut out for them. They have taken part in several cases to expose modern-day slavery in the area when police didn’t have enough evidence, at the risk of their own personal safety. Estabrook has highlighted those that help these workers well, the lawyers that fight tirelessly to get minimum wage for the workers.
  
  Not all of the book is spent on the issues of Immokalee. Estabrook also goes into the lack of taste in industrial tomatoes. He highlights current research being done at UF (Go Gators!) on how to improve taste in tomatoes while preserving the shelf-life and disease resistance of the breed. Progress is being made. In Florida, At this point, all seems hopeless for the tomato industry. Only now does Estabrook provide hope for both the industry and the tomato itself. He brings in Lady Moon Farms, which grows organic produce in Florida (thought to be impossible by some experts). Not only does Beddard, the owner, turn a profit, he pays his workers fairly and provides free housing when the staff must migrate to Georgia and Pennsylvania. He also presents Tim Stark, owner and operator of Eckerton Hill Farm in Pennsylvania, who grows tomatoes and pays his workers a fair wage. There is a way to sustainably produce tomatoes and pay workers fairly. The tomato industry of Florida should take note-it can be done. If not for the sake of treating their workers humanely, then for the sake of bettering their public relations, which would improve their bottom line.
  
  As someone interested in researching what happens to the tomato culls not sent to be packed and sold, I was a little disappointed that Estabrook did not elaborate on this ridiculous amount of waste. However, that is a small issue for me. I am so glad someone wrote this book and the information is compiled for those interested in this subject. This book provides something for everyone: science, social justice, sustainability, economics, law, government. Everyone should read it, especially if you live in Florida. Estabrook has provided the information to the public, and it remains to be seen what the public will do once they know the truth behind the tomato industry.
• 
  Patrick

  Supermarket produce sections bulging with a year-round supply of perfectly round, bright red-orange tomatoes have become all but a national birthright. But in Tomatoland, which is based on his James Beard Award-winning article, The Price of Tomatoes, investigative food journalist Barry Estabrook reveals the huge human and environmental cost of the $5 billion fresh tomato industry. Fields are sprayed with more than one hundred different herbicides and pesticides. Tomatoes are picked hard and green and artificially gassed until their skins acquire a marketable hue. Modern plant breeding has tripled yields, but has also produced fruits with dramatically reduced amounts of calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin C, and tomatoes that have fourteen times more sodium than the tomatoes our parents enjoyed. The relentless drive for low costs has fostered a thriving modern-day slave trade in the United States. How have we come to this point? Estabrook traces the supermarket tomato from its birthplace in the deserts of Peru to the impoverished town of Immokalee, Florida, a.k.a. the tomato capital of the United States. He visits the laboratories of seedsmen trying to develop varieties that can withstand the rigors of agribusiness and still taste like a garden tomato, and then moves on to commercial growers who operate on tens of thousands of acres, and eventually to a hillside field in Pennsylvania, where he meets an obsessed farmer who produces delectable tomatoes for the nation's top restaurants.
  Throughout Tomatoland Estabrook presents a who's who cast of characters in the tomato industry: the avuncular octogenarian whose conglomerate grows one out of every eight tomatoes eaten in the United States; the ex-Marine who heads the group that dictates the size, color, and shape of every tomato shipped out of Florida; the U.S. attorney who has doggedly prosecuted human traffickers for the past decade; and the Guatemalan peasant who came north to earn money for his parents' medical bills and found himself enslaved for two years.
• 
  Brenda

  If you've ever tasted a homegrown tomato and then compared it to the one you may have purchased in the grocery store, you'll know there is no comparison. The store-bought variety is generally lacking in taste, texture and nutrition. How surprised should we be when we learn that most commercially grown tomatoes are picked green and artificially ripened with ethelyene. Blech.
  
  From investigative food journalist and author Barry Estabrook, Tomatoland delves into the tomato industry and what it takes to have those popular red fruits available year round. What intrigued me the most about this book was the human side of tomato production. Estabrook takes a hard look at what it takes to get those tomatoes in the stores and selling them year round. From the big business side of things to that of the workers who spend day in and day out in pesticide ridden fields to earn what little money they are paid to support their families.
  
  Surprisingly, I found the book to be an easy read...filled with facts but also written like a journal, Estabrook paints a picture of the migrant field workers and their families and the prices they pay to grow the tomatoes. That price is usually from pesticide exposure. Sure, I had thought about how pesticides on the produce I buy would affect my family's health, but hadn't given it as much thought as to how the extreme exposure by workers would affect their own health and that of their families.
  
  After reading Tomatoland, I will certainly think twice about where my tomatoes are coming from and strive to purchase more of the fruits in season from local farmers (or even grow my own!)
• 
  rebel

  Due to reading this book, I am now afraid to eat any produce (not just tomatoes) that is grown non-organically (the chemicals used are terrifying!), and I have a better understanding of the hardships faced by undocumented field workers. I can also tell you a bit about the history of tomatoes. I'm sure to be a hit at future dinner parties by telling them that the Aztecs prepared a large amount of the original recipe for salsa in anticipation of eating it with the flesh of their vanquished Spanish enemies.
  
  The book, however, didn't live up to its blurb. "Tomatoland," to Estabrook, means Florida, so the majority of the book is focused on that state instead of nationally or even globally. The book's chapters were originally published as separate articles in journals and magazines, and it shows. Estabrook repeats information and his flow is choppy. He writes like he's aiming for a magazine audience, relying too heavily on qualitative evidence--stories that pack an emotional punch, but in the end are anecdotes. There's only a little bit of quantitative data, and he sources only a few things (with no easy way like footnotes to determine while reading if his information is based on data). This is fine in a magazine article, which tries to grab readers and entice them to look into the subject further. But in a book, I expect the information to be there--I don't want to read about something this important and have it be based on only a few sources.
• 
  amelia

  The writing is a bit sensational at times, as well as repetitive (this was expanded from a series of newspaper articles and it shows), but I think, hopefully without seeming too imperious, that it's a really important book and one that everyone should read. There is (intentionally) so little transparency in our current system of industrialized agriculture/food production and this book does a great job of opening a small part of that world up. The reality that canned tomatoes contain a certain percentage of mold, dead animals, etc. is off-putting, but it's really nothing compared to the horrifying experiences of the people who work growing and harvesting tomatoes, as related in this book (and unlike the contents of canned tomatoes, which have been covered extensively by the news, seem to have gotten very little press). Slavery, birth defects, permanent injuries, it seems unbelievable that such things could continue unchecked in this day and age and yet, here we are. . .
• 
  Linda Harkins

  I thoroughly enjoyed reading this. Following in the footsteps of Frances Moore Lappe and Michael Pollan, this James Beard award-winning journalist provides insight into American tomato growing practices. Not only do we learn that supposedly mature green tomatoes are actually "gassed" to make them appear ripe in the produce section of the supermarket, but also how Florida manages to use loopholes to continue to spray vines with poisonous pesticides. These chemicals are linked to birth defects as well as depletion of the ozone layer. After what I've learned from Estabrook, I'll buy my tomatoes in season at the local farmers' market or Whole Foods.
• 
  Audrey H. (audreyapproved)

  If I ever start a garden, tomatoes are the first thing I’d plant. There’s a stark difference between tomatoes right off the vine and tomatoes from the grocery store - which are frequently super bland. This book helped me understand why, although the majority of it was about tomato supply chain - was hoping for a little more biology!
• 
  Jessica

  Who knew that tomatoes were so FASCINATING? Man. I'm so glad that I decided to give this book a shot. As a first time heirloom tomato grower, I feel like this book was just made for me to read right now. So much information on everything from tomato harvesting practices (and the shady hiring practices that go along with them on big farms), tomato genetics, and even stories from small farms. I loved this.
• 
  David Harris

  Read the chapter called Re-Building the Tomato. Great info about how people are working hard to rehabilitate the tomato after decades of abuse by large agri-businesses. If you don't have time to read the book, at least read this chapter.
• 
  jiji

  So far, it's been a spring of avoidance. Instead of focusing on the very pressing issues going on in this country and around the world (injustice, inequality, BLM, the need for police and societal reforms, and, oh, yes, coronavirus), like an ostrich, I've buried my head in the sand and turned to books for escape. And not books about social justice or systemic racism. Instead, lately I've gotten into the whole industrial-food-complex-expose genre. Maybe food production feels less heavy to me. Maybe it gives me a less urgently pressing issue to be outraged about. I don't know. I'm not proud of this, but it's the truth. Whenever I start thinking about what is actually happening right now, I get so despondent and overwhelmed, that I start browsing Libby for more exposes (or gardening or simpler-times) books to read.
  
  So that's my confession. I'm self-centered and have been cashing in on my substantial privilege to avoid the outside world: Still employed, working from home, able to get groceries delivered, and do things I enjoy while the world around me burns. While many (braver) people have gone macro in their outrage and turned to protesting or other effective and proactive actions, I've gone micro: I've shrunk my world to the size of my townhouse and patio and put all my focus on growing things. I think that's why my interest in the Little House in the Prairie series was (re)awakened, and why I've gotten so into gardening and cooking. It's very satisfying to watch something you planted from seed turn into a recognizable food. Once you see for yourself how fiercely the plants and vegetables we eat want to live and grow and survive, cooking feels much more sacred and meaningful. It's been so satisfying to see how very alive plants are: How, if planted too closely, they will fight each other for the best nutrients and moisture and all suffer in the process -- you have to thin them ruthlessly to give them the best chance for survival; how they turn toward the sun on a window ledge, and how, if you water them from the bottom up, their roots will grow stronger and sturdier as they search for the moisture below. I feel like all my life I've taken produce for granted without realizing that vegetables and fruits were once living things, and are worthy of my -- and our collective -- appreciation and awe.
  
  But onto Tomatoland now. The author, like the author of all such books, has an agenda. Because I have no interest in actually referencing the studies and articles cited, it's difficult to know how much cherry-picking is going on. But because the author's agenda matches my own views, I enjoyed the book and found it fascinating. Once again, Florida does not come across well. I've written about my feelings about Florida before (it's a swampland not meant to sustain 20 million people...return it to nature!), and this book would have you believe that not even tomatoes should live in Florida. This is because Florida is hot but also sometimes unexpectedly cold during tomato-growing season (winter), and because Florida is tropical and rainy and thus has so many pests that ungodly amounts of pesticides are needed just to prevent entire crops from being demolished by biblical plagues of nematodes. Also, because Americans demand tomatoes year-round, they are picked green for easier transport, and reddened through an ethanol gas spraying process. The author notes that the only reason Americans even buy tomatoes in winter is because they want something red in their salad, because winter tomatoes don't actually taste like anything. I would say that's probably true.
  
  More disturbingly, he reports that if you've eaten a winter tomato (meaning grown in Florida or possibly Mexico) you've supported human slavery, because the conditions on these farms are often atrocious, demeaning, and sometimes, actually rise to the level of modern day slavery. There have been documented cases where laborers have been held against their wills, and live in dangerous, filthy conditions. Field bosses apparently happily supply alcohol to the workers, then charge $5 for showers and other basic necessities, as well as astronomical rents for rodent-infested trailers in order to ensure that laborers are so indebted (and often so dependent on alcohol) that they can't leave. And if they do, they are sometimes beaten or threatened. Oh, and there have also been documented cases of babies of female tomato farm workers being born with serious deformities and disabilities. Field bosses, and by extension, the corporations in charge, know that in theory, human beings need to be protected from the extremely poisonous pesticides they spray in order to grow Florida tomatoes. But in practice, the author would have you believe they really just don't care about the workers. Again, I don't know how common this practice actually is. My husband is from Panama, and he's told me similar stories about poor and indigenous women giving birth to seriously deformed and learning disabled children due to the pesticides and fertilizers used in the banana plantations, and of extremely high rates of stomach cancer and other diseases among this particular population.
  
  I fully believe these things have in fact happened. What I don't know is if this is typical, or an exception to norms. The book did make me believe that we should probably try to eat in season as much as possible, and if not in season, we need to at least do a better job of ensuring that our food is ethically produced so that we are not continually exploiting a class of people who feel they have no other option but to work in demeaning, dangerous conditions. And while we are at it, maybe we should also stop exploiting an ecosystem (Florida) that was made for natural swamplands, alligators, birds and subtropical flora, not tomatoes. I don't really have any answers. I don't know how you feed the world on local, ethically produced food. I don't know if that's even possible. All I know is that I, personally, am lucky enough to be in a position where it's possible for me to support the kind of agriculture I believe in, but I don't know if this actually makes a difference of if I'm just making myself feel better. Probably the latter. Also, once real life resumes, I will probably forget all about ethical agriculture. Long commutes and 40-hour workweeks encourage convenience buying and quick meals. Who has time to think about all this stuff and cook a two hour meal when you leave home at 8 and don't get home until 7? And for those Americans struggling just to put food on the table, or who have to take multiple buses just to get to and from work, why should they even care about food production when their day to day lives are so challenging and time-consuming? It's all very disillusioning, and would require total societal overhauls. I'm so tired of the whole pull-your-self-up-by-your-bootstraps American philosophy. Not everyone has bootstraps, and why should people suffer just for basic human rights? Ugh. Outrage.
• 
  Heather

  This is potentially the library book I've had checked out the longest (approximately three and a half months now) that I still actually managed to finish. (Although
  Wildwood was probably pretty close.) This book didn't really grab my interest in the first 40 pages, and it languished in my bag, next to my bed, on my desk at home, on my desk at work, for many weeks before I was able to really pick it up again. Good thing I had some time to give it another chance!
  
  I came to this book with a desire to answer the following questions: why do supermarket tomatoes, even the greenhouse-grown "on the vine" varieties, taste like such utter crap? Why did our homegrown tomatoes taste like such utter crap this year? How can I be assured a tomato so acidic it'll burn my mouth? A recent article in the New York Times provided some clues, but I spied this book in a bookstore and with its subtitle ("How Modern Industrial Agriculture Destroyed Our Most Alluring Fruit") I thought I might reveal the answers.
  
  There was some generally interesting information up front, about the history of the tomato and how all plants we currently think of as tomatoes are almost identical genetically, except for a very few genes that dictate size, shape, color, and so on. An interviewee described a long journey to the Chilean mountainside in search of a tomato version of the missing link. This is good. This helps me understand whence
  my cherished Willamette tomatoes were developed. Sprinkled throughout this 250 page book, I found many answers to the question I was really interested in reading more in-depth about. I was fascinated to learn some interesting details about New Deal legislation that makes farm laborers disadvantaged to this day.
  
  But this book, in my opinion, got hijacked by the state of Florida.
  
  There is a huge market these days for books about food politics—so there are as many of them as there are knockoffs of
  Twilight. My very unscientific estimate is that 50% of this book was a variation on a theme that's very popular these days, and covered extensively by every other book of the genre: industrialized farming (in this case, of tomatoes). More specifically, issues tied to the immigrant labor force. This section of the book seemed to be aiming to be a modern-day version of
  The Jungle, and the stories were extreme enough that some of the details actually pulled me out of the narrative. (That's a bad sign.) I took an iPhone photo of one passage and texted it to someone else: a paragraph described how a worker's toenails fell off after he had stood in a deep puddle of what he assumed was water. Tetra-amelia babies. Workers sold into slave labor.
  
  Now, I don't usually read murder mysteries, or westerns, or romance novels, but this section of the book to me seemed like the liberal/enviro version of reading a pulp novel. It seems like this book wanted me to vow that I'll never eat store-bought tomatoes again. The horror story tactic worked when I read
  The Jungle as a 16 year old in 1994, but not so fast this time! My dear book, do you think that these incidents are limited to tomatoes? That future books about industrial production of strawberries, grapes, and other fruits and vegetables would not reveal similar stories? Get a load of 1960's "
  Harvest of Shame" if you think the problem is so specific. Everyone knows that "reclaimed" water used to water California crops is "reclaimed" from sewage, right? And we wonder why we have e. coli problems with spinach? If I stopped eating all the "dirty ag," it seems like in winter months I would be left with the slug-munched romaine in my garden, and the bird-munched groundfruit underneath my apple tree. Yum yum.
  
  Secondarily: Florida? What an easy target. You could probably write a scathing indictment of ANYTHING as long as you're studying it within the state of Florida. This is the state that brought us Cool Hand Luke, the 2000 election, and some of the nation's most notorious serial killers.
  
  In order to focus on the horror aspect, the book fails to explore any industrialized farming in the Canadian greenhouses—in fact they are only mentioned a few times. Estabrook has chosen to focus his book on Florida, as he claims that a large portion of the nation's tomatoes are grown there. I think he may be speaking as a New York-centric east coaster, because in the Pacific Northwest I have only noticed Canadian and Mexican tomatoes in recent years. So I still feel like Estabrook's subject matter isn't tied to my region.
  
  Eventually the book dedicated a shorter chapter to exploring other parts of this flawed system, such as the struggles of the Joe Farmers. Estabrook did have a nice section about a farmer in Pennsylvania who seems to be the hope for the future—he produces quality tomatoes, manages to treat his workers right, he is immensely popular in New York City, and he has managed to keep his business running for many years. He doesn't hit the reader over the head with the "hope for the future" business that closes the book, and after the heavy-handed middle section about labor, I feel that the book was sorely in need of a Michael Pollan-like "here's what you should do about it" conclusion.
  
  In fact, the book angered me enough with its misleading subtitle and my unfulfilled expectations that I'm going to write my own "here's what you should do about it" conclusion. Go read a Michael Pollan book instead if you're wanting to explore food politics. If you're looking for tomato information like I was...just grow a plant, and call
  your local extension office. There's almost nothing Master Gardeners like to talk about more than tomatoes.
• 
  Robert Beveridge

  Barry Estabrook, Tomatoland: How Industrial Agriculture Destroyed Our Most Alluring Fruit (Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2011)
  
  I picked up Tomtoland expecting a kind of first-world-problems foodie lament about how factory farming had turned the tomato from that red, bursting, joyous thing one finds occasionally during the summer at farmer's markets to the half-green, impossible-to-slice globule one can now find at the local hypermarket year-round. And yes, there is a good bit of that, but there are also a lot of very non-first-world problems here; Estabrook spends a very large portion of this manuscript describing what is, for all intents and purposes, a Mexican slavery ring (though I'm sure its progenitors would prefer the term “indentured servitude”) that is alive and well and operating full steam ahead in Florida even as I sit here writing this in the middle of winter (and getting little bits of chopped half-green tomato on my hospital salad three times a week).
  
  There is, of course, the foodie lament as well; when Estabrook is concentrating on this aspect of the manuscript, he in general focuses on the science of the tomato, the reason that some sort of lumpy Peruvian fruit tastes perfectly like a tomato while the sweet-scented Florida globe tomato persists in tasting like nothing at all. There's a lot of science-in-layman's-terms stuff and some great interviews with folks who keep seed databases of heirloom tomatoes (the framing device is about a team of guys heading to Peru to find one of the first strains of tomato-like plants still extant, and then Estabrook making the same trek at the end). If you like food biographies, it is of course going to be right up your alley. There is the obligatory anti-factory-farm stuff, as well, and it makes sense; if you're trying to grow fifty thousand acres of tomatoes that all look and taste the same, you're going to breed out all the characteristics that make tomatoes interesting. (And, of course, the small farmers who grow those interesting tomatoes get a bunch of sympathetic column inches, as they should; these are people who actually care about the food.
  
  But the anti-factory-farm stuff takes a much, much darker turn during the middle third of the book, when Estabrook turns investigative journalist and starts tracing the history of the thousands upon thousands of undocumented migrant workers who toil in Florida's tomato fields. If you were ever anti-factory-farm, this section of the book will cement whatever you had in your head. In a chilling, detached tone—the only one that really would have validated this material—Estabrook describes the plight of these workers, constantly exposed to dangerous chemicals, often without so much as a filter mask; conned into living in substandard housing that costs twice as much as a luxury apartment in New York City and skinned to the point where “I owe my soul to the company store” seems like a cri de coeur to the good old days; forced to work by the kinds of foremen who will break legs or set fire to trailers if they feel it will get the workers out into the fields faster. It's more of a horror story than any fiction I read this year, and it's truly important writing—even if you've never really thought about the whole factory farm issue before (perhaps especially if you've never etc.), you owe it to yourself to read this book.
  
  One way or the other—whether you're interested in the social-justice aspect of the story, the foodie aspect of the story, or both—this is a must-read, one of the best books that crossed my desk this year. It doesn't matter who you are, I recommend this one to you. Read it ASAP. It is a stunning piece of work. ****
  
• 
  Greg Zink

  The funny thing about food these days is the more you know, the harder it is to eat. I watched Food, Inc. and gave up industrial beef. I read
  Bottomfeeder and had to make a point to know which species were overfished. So it goes with Tomatoland. If you're perfectly happy eating winter tomatoes and don't want to have that peace challenged, don't read this book. However, if slave labor bothers you, or even if you simply find that tomatoes don't taste like much anymore, it's an interesting read.
  
  Tomatoland basically spends its time bouncing back and forth between these two main foci; that the industrialization of the tomato crop has made it much less flavorful, and that the people who pick the tomatoes are slaves. I think we all know that migrant workers who pick our food don't exactly live or work in the best of conditions, but we kind of conveniently forget that's true when we shop. But even having that knowledge in the back of your mind, and being the sort of person who tries to buy things ethically, the atrocities the author exposes are shocking. It ranges (on the milder side) from Grapes of Wrath-type camps where you can't leave and have to spend most of your paycheck at the company store to outright imprisonment, forced labor and beatings. I knew this would be an expose on working conditions, but I truly couldn't fathom that in this day and age in America they could be so horrible.
  
  On the other track is the teaser that got me to read this book in the first place, though it eventually plays second fiddle to the human rights concerns. Estabrook recounts an experience watching rock-hard green tomatoes bounce off a truck, having just been picked and en route to be gassed with ethylene to artificially "degreen" and then shipped to the grocery shelves. He goes into depth as to how tomatoes are not well suited to grow in Florida, and how they've been specifically bred to be uniform and predictable, at the expense of flavor. If there's any motivation needed to grow your own, this book provides it in spades.
  
  This is an eye-opening, thought-provoking book. Cynical as you might be about industrial farming, it seems, things can always be worse than you imagined, and Tomatoland shows you just how bad they are. It also tells of how things are improving, though the victories seem to be small. As more people educate themselves about where their food comes from, we can hope they start to get bigger.
• 
  Dan Schiff

  Tomatoland is empathetic and interesting, but seems incomplete. Estabrook's dedication shows immediately where the book's heart is: "For the men and women who pick the food we eat." This notion, which so often gets lost in the discussions of "foodie" culture, forms the backbone of Tomatoland. Estabrook's look at modern-day agricultural slavery -- though not limited to tomato-picking -- is a harsh reminder of who pays the costs of cheap, abundant food.
  
  At just under 200 pages, Tomatoland is short and leaves much unsaid. Perhaps the most interesting sections are those dealing with tomato breeding and what distinguishes a tasty tomato from an utterly bland, round one -- as someone says, "just something red for northerners to put on their salad during winter months." Likewise, the background on how tomato farming got started and perpetuated in Florida -- an environment inherently unsuitable for the crop -- is fascinating. What the industry interests will do to protect the uniformity of their green tomatoes, which are gassed to artificially ripen them, will have you shaking your head.
  
  The Florida tomato represents much more than the commodity crop Estabrook portrays it as. It is just one of the myriad food products that humans go to great lengths to bring to market -- incurring environmental damage and virtually enslaving workers, all in the name of a mealy, disgusting fruit that we can buy in January for a few cents. Is this a sensible tradeoff?
  
  In the final third of the book, Estabrook introduces his readers to small farmers, some of them organic, who grow tasty tomatoes the right way, using minimal pesticides, treating their workers with respect and selling direct to consumers at farmer's markets rather than through middlemen. But is this scalable and accessible to all consumers? Will we always need factory farming operations awash in pesticides and other poisons to supply the tomatoes on our hamburgers year-round? The author sticks to the black and white -- factory farming bad, farmer's markets good -- without exploring any shades of gray.
  
  Estabrook avoids many of the macro questions, perhaps on purpose. It doesn't diminish the quality of Tomatoland, but it does leave the reader hungry for more information.
• 
  Barry

  I purchased this book for a friend a few months ago with the intention of eventually reading it myself. After her stellar review (calling it the best book she has read all year), I knew I had to check it out. This book characterizes many known and unknown facets of the tomato's moden life, and its relationship to people, other plants/fruits, and business. I was very surprised to learn about the conditions in which Florida's slicing tomatos are grown and harvested. It is hard to believe situations such as those are allowed to continue without our knowledge, let alone public outcry! I was all too recently one of the many Americans that thought slavery was abolished in the late 19th century (or perhaps lingering only into the very early 20th century in some cutoff areas where indentured servitude was still extant), so I was appalled to read, in such graphic detail, the situations of migrant workers that have absolutely no freedom, all for the sake of a tasteless, oversized, artificially colored relative of my favorite fruit. The book does end on a lighter note, recounting stories of small farmers and renegade plant breeders who care about taste. Most importantly, theses stories show that it is possible, however not easy, to grow and sell commercially viable tasty tomatoes.
  
  The only reason this book did not get 5 stars from me, perhaps unfairly, is a less than totally successful attempt at balancing a wide range of subjects (within the umbrella of modern tomato agriculture in America) in what was still supposed to be a short(ish) nonfiction book for casual readers. I feel this left some subjects that could have been more thoroughly examined. For example, on the chapters about slavery and pesticide abuses, there were many touching personal accounts that were quite stirring, however, relating these stories to any sort of timeline or continuing narrative was absent. I know later Estabrook mentions how things have changed/improved with the CIW pressure, but I felt it was not enough to tie up the loose ends.
  
  All in all, great book. Highly recommend it to all.